Women and the Islamic Republic

Based on extensive interviews and oral histories as well as archival sources, Women and the Islamic Republic challenges the dominant masculine theorizations of state-making in post-revolutionary Iran. Shirin Saeidi demonstrates that despite the Islamic Republic's non-democratic structures, multiple forms of citizenship have developed in post-revolutionary Iran. This finding destabilizes the binary formulation of democratization and authoritarianism which has not only dominated investigations of Iran, but also regime categorizations in political science more broadly. As non-elite Iranian women negotiate or engage with the state's gendered citizenry regime, the Islamic Republic is forced to remake, oftentimes haphazardly, its citizenry agenda. The book demonstrates how women remake their rights, responsibilities, and statuses during everyday life to condition the state-making process in Iran, showing women's everyday resistance to the state-making process.

Compensating a Legal Person for Moral Damage in Jordanian Law

The issue of compensating the legal person for the moral damage it causes to it has raised a great argument of controversy in Jordan, especially in light of the refusal to recognize the rights attached to the natural person of the legal person. This research came to identify the legal nature of the legal personality and the moral damage and the position of the Jordanian law on it, and to determine the feasibility, adequacy and appropriateness of the legal texts contained in the Jordanian civil law in knowing the extent to which the legal person may be compensated for moral damage. Using the opinions of jurists and judicial and explanatory decisions, the researcher has found that moral damage has multiple forms, a research that arises from the act and assault carried out by the aggressor. As a result, it is not appropriate to limit moral damage to rigid legal texts based on what is stated in the legislation and decisions of the esteemed Court of Cassation, as the researcher recommends. The Jordanian legislator should include general provisions clarifying the civil liability of the legal person, and the researcher recommends a separate chapter in the civil law to talk about the moral damage and its multiple meanings and aspects and how to rule for compensation and claim it.

The Struggles of Bilingual Authors

This chapter examines the struggles of bilingual authors to write in English as an additional language. Autobiographical works in English illustrate themes found to be central to the development of biliteracy. The theme of finding voice is a highly variable theme in the writing of many bilinguals. The theme of constructing identity takes multiple forms as bilingual authors renegotiate their identities in the additional language. The struggle for place is a theme that permeates the narratives of expatriation, exile, immigration, and repatriation. These three struggles offer new writers opportunities to learn to develop their own creativity. Teachers of English as an additional language can structure their curricula to reflect the language learning practice of reading and writing.

The Virginia Company and the Foundations of Religious Governance in English Commercial Expansion

This chapter traces the use of religious governance in England’s early attempts to colonise Virginia between 1606 and 1624. It assesses how, in the initial steps to establish English authority abroad, religious governance was influenced by the political and governmental characters of successive company leaders such as Thomas Dale, Thomas Gates and John Smith. This explains why the Virginia Company embraced multiple forms of religious governance that would later be used as separate and distinct models of governance by successive companies. The Virginia Company experimented with religious governance to secure their control over English personnel abroad. Moreover, it became an instrumental tool in the companies’ attempts to expand their jurisdictional authority over Native American leaders, such as Powhatan, Pocahontas and her uncle Uttamatomakkin. By doing this company leaders hoped to establish governmental control over Native American peoples, and traditions, such as those Smith writes about in Generall Histoirie of Virginia, traditionally considered beyond the bounds of English governance. Finally, it examines how the experiences and memories of religious governance in the Virginia Company provided the groundwork for future forms of corporate religious governance to evolve.

Women’s Issues: African Writers Fighting Portuguese Colonialism in the 1950s

This essay approaches the literary production by female intellectuals who opposed Portuguese colonialism in Africa, recognising their active role in history, as well as the cultural and political processes that influenced their writing and its repercussions. Experiencing multiple forms of subalternity – of class, race and gender – women like Alda Espírito Santo, Alda Lara, Noémia de Sousa Deolinda Rodrigues and Manuela Margarido were committed to the creation of new ways of writing and forms of conceiving the world. Playing a fundamental role in the literary, political and cultural environment of the second half of the 20th century, they circulated in spaces in which they questioned male hegemony, discussing gender issues and exercising multiple forms of resistance. This article will consider how the demands of women in the process of political decolonisation have often been reduced to the label of ‘women’s issues’, the idea of unification of struggles having been privileged instead.

Vaccine Technologies and Platforms for Infectious Diseases: Current Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities

Vaccination is a key component of public health policy with demonstrated cost-effective benefits in protecting both human and animal populations. Vaccines can be manufactured under multiple forms including, inactivated (killed), toxoid, live attenuated, virus-like particles, synthetic peptide, polysaccharide, polysaccharide conjugate (glycoconjugate), viral vectored (vector-based), nucleic acids (DNA and mRNA) and bacterial vector/synthetic antigen presenting cells. Several processes are used in the manufacturing of vaccines and recent developments in medical/biomedical engineering, biology, immunology, and vaccinology have led to the emergence of innovative nucleic acid vaccines, a novel category added to conventional and subunit vaccines. In this review, we have summarized recent advances in vaccine technologies and platforms focusing on their mechanisms of action, advantages, and possible drawbacks.

Zarys filozofi i bytu duchowego z pozycji tomizmu

From the Thomistic point of view, the outline of philosophy of spiritual being takes into account three basic dimensions of the spirit. The first deals with the existence of independent personal beings, i.e. individual substances: God, angelic beings and human souls. The second is related to the fundamental phenomena of the inner life of a person, that is powers of the soul, their acts and objects. The last form of the spirit deals with personal external activity in the course of which all kinds of extra-mental beings are created. These include, above all, the multiple forms of the so-called spiritual culture, present nowadays mainly in science, art, morals and religion.

Traumatic Events and Health: An Ecological and Life Course Perspective

During the past decades, researchers have shown an increasing interest in the study of traumatic events among aging populations. The majority of studies on trauma focus on mental health, which overlooks the possibility that trauma may also have an adverse effect on other health outcomes, such as cognitive function. A number of studies focus on a single traumatic event. However, this approach may underestimate its health impact as many people experience multiple forms of traumatic events. Indeed, the impact of traumatic events on health depends on the event itself (e.g., single or multiple forms, time) as well as ecological factors. This symposium aims to address the above limitations. The first longitudinal study An Ecological Model of Risk Factors in Elder Mistreatment (EM) Victims tested different dimensions of the ecological model to prevent recurrence of EM. The second study Polyvictimization and Cognitive Function in an Ethnic Minority Aging Population explored whether exposure to multiple forms of EM affects cognitive function. The third study Traumatic Events and Cognitive Function: Does Time Matter? examined whether traumatic events happened in childhood, adulthood, or old age will influence late-life cognitive function. The fourth study Face-saving and Help-seeking among Older Adults with EM identified cultural determinants of help-seeking behaviors in EM victims. This symposium will advance knowledge in the health consequences of polyvictimization and exposure to traumatic events in different life stages. It will also inform interventions to stop the recurrence of EM in immigrant families and enhance the help-seeking behaviors of ethnic minority older adults.

Polyvictimization and Cognitive Function in an Ethnic Minority Aging Population

Globally, around 1 in 6 older adults experienced some form of elder mistreatment in community settings. However, little is known about the prevalence of polyvictimization, or experience of multiple forms of abuse, which may exacerbate negative outcomes over that of any one form of victimization in isolation. Data were drawn from the PINE study. Polyvictimization was defined as exposure to multiple forms of victimization, including psychological, physical, and sexual mistreatment, financial exploitation, and caregiver neglect. Cognitive function was evaluated by global cognition, episodic memory, executive function, working memory, and MMSE. Regression analyses were performed. Among 3153 participants, 128 experienced two forms of abuse while 12 experienced three or more forms of abuse. Polyvictimization was associated with lower global cognition (b=-0.05, SE=0.02, p<.05), episodic memory (b=-0.06, SE=0.03, p<.05), working memory (b=-0.14, SE=0.07, p<.05), and processing speed (b=-0.68, SE=0.33, p<.05). Interventions could target older adults with polyvictimization and protect their cognitive function.