scholarly journals Modeling Alcohol Use Disorder as a Set of Interconnected Symptoms - Assessing Differences between Clinical and Population Samples and Across External Factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karoline Huth ◽  
Judy Luigjes ◽  
Maarten Marsman ◽  
Anneke Goudriaan ◽  
Ruth van Holst
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Complex Disorder ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
Intervention Planning

Alcohol use disorder is argued to be a highly complex disorder influenced by a multitude of factors on different levels. Common research approaches fail to capture this breadth of interconnecting symptoms. To address this gap in theoretical assumptions and methodological approaches, we used a network analysis to assess the interplay of alcohol use disorder symptoms. We applied the analysis to two US-datasets, a population sample with 23,591 individuals and a clinical sample with 483 individuals seeking treatment for alcohol use disorder. First, using a Bayesian framework we investigated differences between clinical and population samples looking at the symptom interactions and underlying structure space. The clinical sample depicts less connections; those connections are additionally weaker. Second, for the population sample we assessed whether the interactions were measurement invariant across subgroups of external factors like age, gender, ethnicity and income. Interactions differed across all external factors. Distinct parameter estimates for subgroups should be considered for better replicable estimates and effective intervention planning.

scholarly journals Alcohol Use Disorder and the Persistence/Recurrence of Major Depression: Le trouble de l’usage de l’alcool et la persistance/récurrence de la dépression majeure

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 652-663
Author(s):  
Vivian N. Onaemo ◽  
Timothy O. Fawehinmi ◽  
Carl D’Arcy
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Epidemiologic Survey ◽  
Canadian Population ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Canadian Provinces

Objective This study aims to determine the role of alcohol use disorder and other potential risk factors on persistence/recurrence of major depression in a Canadian population sample. Methods Data were drawn from the National Population Health Survey (1994/1995 to 2010/2011), a prospective epidemiologic survey of individuals 12 years and older, living in 10 Canadian provinces ( N = 17,276). Participants were reinterviewed every 2 years for 9 cycles. This study population was a cohort of individuals who at baseline met the diagnosis of a major depressive episode (MDE) in the previous 12 months ( n = 908). After the 6-year (cycle 4) and 16-year (cycle 9) follow-up period, 124 of 718 participants and 79 of 461 participants met the criteria for MDE, respectively. Persistence or recurrence of major depression was defined as meeting a diagnosis of MDE after 6 years and 16 years. Modified Poisson regression models were used to assess the role of alcohol dependence and other risk factors on the persistence/recurrence of major depression using Stata 14. Results Alcohol use disorder was significantly correlated with a 6-year (odds ratio [ OR]: 3.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.68 to 5.48; P < .0001) and 16-year ( OR, 3.17; 95% CI, 1.15 to 8.77, P = 0.003) persistence/recurrence of major depression. Other factors associated with the persistence/recurrence of major depression include female sex, childhood traumatic events, chronic pain restricting activities, daily smoking, and low self-esteem. Conclusions Comorbid alcohol use disorder was found to be a strong risk factor for the persistence or recurrence of major depression.

scholarly journals Gambling participation, gambling habits, gambling-related harm, and opinions on gambling advertising in Finland in 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne H. Salonen ◽  
Matilda Hellman ◽  
Tiina Latvala ◽  
Sari Castrén
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Population Level ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Gambling Participation ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Gambling Harms ◽  
Related Harm

Background: This report is an overview of results from the 2016 Finnish Gambling Harms Survey covering the population and clinical perspectives. It summarises the main findings on gambling participation, gambling habits, gambling-related harm, and opinions on gambling advertising. Methods: The population sample ( n = 7186) was collected from three regions and the clinical sample ( n = 119) in a gambling help clinic. Results: Frequency of gambling in the population sample was characteristically once a week, while in the clinical sample it was daily. Men gambled more often than women only in the population sample. The most common gambling environments were kiosks, grocery stores or supermarkets, and home. The most typical gambling-related harms were financial or emotional/psychological harms; the amount of experienced harm was considerable among the clinical sample. The clinical sample also perceived gambling advertising as obtrusive and as a driving force for gambling. Conclusions: The results of the clinical sample imply that when gambling gets out of hand, the distinctions between gamblers’ habits diminish and become more streamlined, focusing on gambling per se – doing it often, and in greater varieties (different game types). There is a heightened need to monitor gambling and gambling-related harm at the population level, especially amongst heavy consumers, in order to understand what type of external factors pertaining to policy and governance may contribute to the shift from recreational to problem gambling.

Understanding Attentional Biases in Severe Alcohol Use Disorder: A Combined Behavioral and Eye-Tracking Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Zoé Bollen ◽  
Fabien D'Hondt ◽  
Valérie Dormal ◽  
Séverine Lannoy ◽  
Nicolas Masson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
Clinical Interest ◽  
Underlying Processes

Abstract Rationale Severe alcohol use disorder (SAUD) is a psychiatric condition linked to cerebral and cognitive consequences. SAUD is notably characterized by an overactivation of the reflexive/reward system when confronted with alcohol-related cues. Such overreactivity generates a preferential allocation of attentional resources toward these cues, labeled as attentional biases (AB). Theoretical assumptions have been made regarding the characteristics of AB and their underlying processes. While often considered as granted, these assumptions remain to be experimentally validated. Aims We first identify the theoretical assumptions made by previous studies exploring the nature and role of AB. We then discuss the current evidence available to establish their validity. We finally propose research avenues to experimentally test them. Methods Capitalizing on a narrative review of studies exploring AB in SAUD, the current limits of the behavioral measures used for their evaluation are highlighted as well as the benefits derived from the use of eye-tracking measures to obtain a deeper understanding of their underlying processes. We describe the issues related to the theoretical proposals on AB and propose research avenues to test them. Four experimental axes are proposed, respectively, related to the determination of (a) the genuine nature of the mechanisms underlying AB; (b) their stability over the disease course; (c) their specificity to alcohol-related stimuli and (d) their reflexive or controlled nature. Conclusions This in-depth exploration of the available knowledge related to AB in SAUD, and of its key limitations, highlights the theoretical and clinical interest of our innovative experimental perspectives capitalizing on eye-tracking measures.

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