scholarly journals Behnke_Armbruster_Strobel - The needs of the many - Influence of personality on third-party judgments of utilitarian rule violations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Behnke ◽  
Diana Armbruster ◽  
Anja Strobel
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Online Study ◽  
The Third ◽  
Moral Decisions ◽  
The Many ◽  
Personality Features ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Sense Of Justice

Safeguarding the rights of minorities is crucial for just societies. However, there are conceivable situations were minority rights might seriously impede the rights of the majority. Favoring the minority in such cases constitutes a violation of utilitarian principles. To investigate the emotional, cognitive, and punitive responses of observers of such utilitarian rule transgressions, we conducted an online study with 1004 participants. Two moral scenarios (vaccine policy and epidemic) were rephrased in the third-party perspective. In both scenarios the protagonist opted against the utilitarian option which resulted in more fatalities in total, but avoided harm to a minority. The scenarios varied in whether the minority would have been harmed accidentally or deliberate. The majority of participants chose not to punish the scenarios’ protagonists at all. However, 30.5% judged that protecting the minority over the interests of the majority when only accidental harm would have occurred (vaccine policy) was worthy of punishment. In comparison, only 11.5% opted to punish a protagonist whose decision avoided deliberate harm to a minority at the cost of the majority (epidemic). Emotional responses and appropriateness ratings paralleled these results. Furthermore, complex personality × situation interactions revealed the influence of personality features, i.e., psychopathy, empathy, altruism, authoritarianism, need for cognition and faith in intuition, on participants’ responses. The results further underscore the need to consider the interaction of situational features and inter-individual differences in moral decisions and sense of justice.

scholarly journals The costs of functional gastrointestinal disorders and related signs and symptoms in infants: a systematic literature review and cost calculation for England

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e015594 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Mahon ◽  
Carlos Lifschitz ◽  
Thomas Ludwig ◽  
Nikhil Thapar ◽  
Julie Glanville ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Party Payer ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Cost

ObjectivesTo estimate the cost of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and related signs and symptoms in infants to the third party payer and to parents.Study designTo estimate the cost of illness (COI) of infant FGIDs, a two-stage process was applied: a systematic literature review and a COI calculation. As no pertinent papers were found in the systematic literature review, a ‘de novo’ analysis was performed. For the latter, the potential costs for the third party payer (the National Health Service (NHS) in England) and for parents/carers for the treatment of FGIDs in infants were calculated, by using publicly available data. In constructing the calculation, estimates and assumptions (where necessary) were chosen to provide a lower bound (minimum) of the potential overall cost. In doing so, the interpretation of the calculation is that the true COI can be no lower than that estimated.ResultsOur calculation estimated that the total costs of treating FGIDs in infants in England were at least £72.3 million per year in 2014/2015 of which £49.1 million was NHS expenditure on prescriptions, community care and hospital treatment. Parents incurred £23.2 million in costs through purchase of over the counter remedies.ConclusionsThe total cost presented here is likely to be a significant underestimate as only lower bound estimates were used where applicable, and for example, costs of alternative therapies, inpatient treatments or diagnostic tests, and time off work by parents could not be adequately estimated and were omitted from the calculation. The number and kind of prescribed products and products sold over the counter to treat FGIDs suggest that there are gaps between treatment guidelines, which emphasise parental reassurance and nutritional advice, and their implementation.

10. Alternative Dispute Resolution

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-117
Author(s):  
Stuart Sime
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Alternative Dispute Resolution ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Settlement ◽  
Court Involvement ◽  
The Third Party ◽  
The Cost

Alternative dispute resolution (ADR), particularly mediation, plays a key role in reducing the costs of civil disputes by fomenting the early settlement of cases. This chapter discusses ADR processes; advantages or disadvantages of ADR and litigation; the cost of ADR; reference to ADR; and court involvement in ADR. Adjudicative ADR results in the third party neutral deciding the dispute or difference between the parties. Non-adjudicative ADR processes involve moving the parties towards reaching a compromise agreement between themselves. Rules of court require parties to consider using ADR. Sanctions may be imposed on parties who act unreasonably.

scholarly journals Bit by (Twitch) Bit: “Platform Capture” and the Evolution of Digital Platforms

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 205630512093398
Author(s):  
William Clyde Partin
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Production ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Management Service ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Business Studies ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

This article considers the history of donation management tools on the livestreaming platform Twitch. In particular, it details the technical and economic contexts that led to the development of Twitch Bits, a first-party donation management service introduced in 2016. Two contributions to research on the platformization of cultural production are made. One, this article expands the empirical record regarding Twitch by chronicling the role of viewer donations in livestreaming since 2010, as well as the many tools that have facilitated this practice. It is argued that this history traces the complex and co-productive interactions between Twitch as a sociotechnical architecture and a political economy. Two, by considering how the first-party donation tool Twitch Bits has gradually challenged the dominance of the third-party tools that preceded it, this article theorizes the notion of platform capture, a critical rereading of platform envelopment, a popular concept in business studies. Ultimately, it is argued that platform capture demonstrates how platform owners leverage power asymmetries over dependents to aid in their platform’s technical evolution.

10. Alternative Dispute Resolution

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Sime
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Alternative Dispute Resolution ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Settlement ◽  
Court Involvement ◽  
The Third Party ◽  
The Cost

Alternative dispute resolution (ADR), particularly mediation, plays a key role in reducing the costs of civil disputes by fomenting the early settlement of cases. This chapter discusses ADR processes; advantages or disadvantages of ADR and litigation; the cost of ADR; reference to ADR; and court involvement in ADR. Adjudicative ADR results in the third party neutral deciding the dispute or difference between the parties. Non-adjudicative ADR processes involve moving the parties towards reaching a compromise agreement between themselves. Rules of court require parties to consider using ADR. Sanctions may be imposed on parties who act unreasonably.

scholarly journals An Efficient Methodologies for Data Integrity in Cloud Storage

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 2029-2033
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Storage ◽  
Space Complexity ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
The Third ◽  
Integrity Checking ◽  
External Sources ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Time And Space Complexity

Majority of the organization uses cloud for storage purpose in order to reduce the cost as well as maintenance. Due to increasing threat from internal and external sources, there would be possibility of corruption in the cloud storage files. Thus the storage must to be monitored periodically for integrity checking. Since most of the Data Owners have limited resources thus the responsibility of integrity checking goes to the Third Party Auditors (TPA). In this paper, we have proposed 2 methodologies of Integrity Checking in Cloud Storage (1) Enhanced Dynamic Hash Tree – n Versions (EDHT-n), which has best performance in term of time and space complexity compared to the existing methods.(2) Hybrid Enhanced Dynamic Hash Tree (HEDHT), which is best suited for very huge number of files in a directory

10. Alternative dispute resolution

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Sime
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Alternative Dispute Resolution ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Settlement ◽  
Court Involvement ◽  
The Third Party ◽  
The Cost

Alternative dispute resolution (ADR), particularly mediation, plays a key role in reducing the costs of civil disputes by fomenting the early settlement of cases. This chapter discusses ADR processes; advantages or disadvantages of ADR and litigation; the cost of ADR; reference to ADR; and court involvement in ADR. Adjudicative ADR results in the third party neutral deciding the dispute or difference between the parties. Non-adjudicative ADR processes involve moving the parties towards reaching a compromise agreement between themselves. Rules of court require parties to consider using ADR. Sanctions may be imposed on parties who act unreasonably.

10. Alternative Dispute Resolution

2019 ◽  
pp. 111-117
Author(s):  
Stuart Sime
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Alternative Dispute Resolution ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Settlement ◽  
Court Involvement ◽  
The Third Party ◽  
The Cost

Alternative dispute resolution (ADR), particularly mediation, plays a key role in reducing the costs of civil disputes by fomenting the early settlement of cases. This chapter discusses ADR processes; advantages or disadvantages of ADR and litigation; the cost of ADR; reference to ADR; and court involvement in ADR. Adjudicative ADR results in the third party neutral deciding the dispute or difference between the parties. Non-adjudicative ADR processes involve moving the parties towards reaching a compromise agreement between themselves. Rules of court require parties to consider using ADR. Sanctions may be imposed on parties who act unreasonably.

scholarly journals Three addend addition: Who goes out of order and why?

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-81
Author(s):  
Madhur Sharma ◽  
Satwat Bashir ◽  
Gaurav Suri
Keyword(s):  
Math Education ◽  
Switching Behavior ◽  
Single Digit ◽  
Partial Sum ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Complex Arithmetic ◽  
The Third ◽  
Problem Types ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Subsequent Addition

Single-digit, three addend sums of the type a + b + c offer a rich opportunity to directly observe the range of strategies that different participants may use because they afford the possibility of measuring a partial sum (i.e., a + b or a + c or b + c). For example, while computing the sum 9 + 7 + 1, do participants go in order by first adding 9 + 7 and then adding 1, or do they incur the cost of going out of order by adding 9 + 1 in order to obtain the partial sum of 10, which makes the subsequent addition of 7 less effortful? Informed by findings in simple and complex arithmetic, we investigated the problem types and participant characteristics that can predict out of order switching behavior in such three-addend sums. To test our hypotheses, we tasked participants, first in an online study, and then in an in-person study to complete 120 single-digit, three addend problems. We found that participants switched the order of addition to prioritize efficiency gains in contexts in which the partial sum addends were small or equal to each other, or when doing so led to a partial sum of 10, or led to a partial sum that is equal to the third remaining integer. Response latency data confirmed that participants were deriving efficiencies in the manner we expected. Related to individual differences, our findings showed that participants with higher levels of math education were most likely to seek efficiency benefits whenever they were on offer.

The Modeling Research on the Cost of 3PL Transportation Based on System Dynamics

2011 ◽  
Vol 121-126 ◽  
pp. 4832-4836
Author(s):  
Tian Zi Chai ◽  
Meng Wei Tong
Keyword(s):  
System Dynamics ◽  
Influence Factor ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Third Party Logistics ◽  
System Dynamics Model ◽  
Dynamics Model ◽  
The Third Party Logistics ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Cost

In this paper, we analyse the structure of third-party logistics cost. We specially analyzes influence factor of transportation cost which account for 1/3 to 2/3 of the third-party logistics from the view of system dynamics. We establish the system dynamics model of transportation cost, and further more, we give the Vensim equations and explanation for it.

scholarly journals European Retail Payments Market: New Opportunities to Mergers and Acquisition Transactions

10.3846/150 ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 42-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Novickytė
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Single Market ◽  
The Other ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Third ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
European Banks ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Retail Payments ◽  
Mergers And Acquisition

Most of European banks will not be able to allocate funds successfully participating in the SEPA. Some of them have to look for opportunities to reduce the cost in collaboration with other institutions in the execution of the payment or provision of services to carry out transmission of the third party. The other part will have to find a merger partner. In future there can be more active participants in the market lead to acquisitions. In order to assess possible changes in the payment market, noted that its participants – service providers – consolidation will be inevitable. The assessment of the Lithuanian bank sector shows that banks with the parent banks that invest and develop the activities of subsidiaries of banks, are likely to remain in the market. However, banks that are not ready to participate and get involved in a single market, will be taken over or disappear.

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