European Retail Payments Market: New Opportunities to Mergers and Acquisition Transactions

Most of European banks will not be able to allocate funds successfully participating in the SEPA. Some of them have to look for opportunities to reduce the cost in collaboration with other institutions in the execution of the payment or provision of services to carry out transmission of the third party. The other part will have to find a merger partner. In future there can be more active participants in the market lead to acquisitions. In order to assess possible changes in the payment market, noted that its participants – service providers – consolidation will be inevitable. The assessment of the Lithuanian bank sector shows that banks with the parent banks that invest and develop the activities of subsidiaries of banks, are likely to remain in the market. However, banks that are not ready to participate and get involved in a single market, will be taken over or disappear.

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The costs of functional gastrointestinal disorders and related signs and symptoms in infants: a systematic literature review and cost calculation for England

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015594 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. e015594 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

James Mahon ◽

Carlos Lifschitz ◽

Thomas Ludwig ◽

Nikhil Thapar ◽

Julie Glanville ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Systematic Literature Review ◽

Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Third Party ◽

Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽

Over The Counter ◽

Party Payer ◽

The Third ◽

The Cost

ObjectivesTo estimate the cost of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and related signs and symptoms in infants to the third party payer and to parents.Study designTo estimate the cost of illness (COI) of infant FGIDs, a two-stage process was applied: a systematic literature review and a COI calculation. As no pertinent papers were found in the systematic literature review, a ‘de novo’ analysis was performed. For the latter, the potential costs for the third party payer (the National Health Service (NHS) in England) and for parents/carers for the treatment of FGIDs in infants were calculated, by using publicly available data. In constructing the calculation, estimates and assumptions (where necessary) were chosen to provide a lower bound (minimum) of the potential overall cost. In doing so, the interpretation of the calculation is that the true COI can be no lower than that estimated.ResultsOur calculation estimated that the total costs of treating FGIDs in infants in England were at least £72.3 million per year in 2014/2015 of which £49.1 million was NHS expenditure on prescriptions, community care and hospital treatment. Parents incurred £23.2 million in costs through purchase of over the counter remedies.ConclusionsThe total cost presented here is likely to be a significant underestimate as only lower bound estimates were used where applicable, and for example, costs of alternative therapies, inpatient treatments or diagnostic tests, and time off work by parents could not be adequately estimated and were omitted from the calculation. The number and kind of prescribed products and products sold over the counter to treat FGIDs suggest that there are gaps between treatment guidelines, which emphasise parental reassurance and nutritional advice, and their implementation.

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Behnke_Armbruster_Strobel - The needs of the many - Influence of personality on third-party judgments of utilitarian rule violations

10.31234/osf.io/b3hcv ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alexander Behnke ◽

Diana Armbruster ◽

Anja Strobel

Keyword(s):

Emotional Responses ◽

Minority Rights ◽

Third Party ◽

Online Study ◽

The Third ◽

Moral Decisions ◽

The Many ◽

Personality Features ◽

The Cost ◽

Sense Of Justice

Safeguarding the rights of minorities is crucial for just societies. However, there are conceivable situations were minority rights might seriously impede the rights of the majority. Favoring the minority in such cases constitutes a violation of utilitarian principles. To investigate the emotional, cognitive, and punitive responses of observers of such utilitarian rule transgressions, we conducted an online study with 1004 participants. Two moral scenarios (vaccine policy and epidemic) were rephrased in the third-party perspective. In both scenarios the protagonist opted against the utilitarian option which resulted in more fatalities in total, but avoided harm to a minority. The scenarios varied in whether the minority would have been harmed accidentally or deliberate. The majority of participants chose not to punish the scenarios’ protagonists at all. However, 30.5% judged that protecting the minority over the interests of the majority when only accidental harm would have occurred (vaccine policy) was worthy of punishment. In comparison, only 11.5% opted to punish a protagonist whose decision avoided deliberate harm to a minority at the cost of the majority (epidemic). Emotional responses and appropriateness ratings paralleled these results. Furthermore, complex personality × situation interactions revealed the influence of personality features, i.e., psychopathy, empathy, altruism, authoritarianism, need for cognition and faith in intuition, on participants’ responses. The results further underscore the need to consider the interaction of situational features and inter-individual differences in moral decisions and sense of justice.

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Optimal trade-in and third-party collection authorization strategies under trade-in subsidy policy

Kybernetes ◽

10.1108/k-07-2017-0254 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 47 (5) ◽

pp. 854-872 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Kaiying Cao ◽

Qiushi Bo ◽

Yi He

Keyword(s):

Design Methodology ◽

Profit Maximization ◽

The Other ◽

Third Party ◽

Subsidy Policy ◽

Content Type ◽

The Third ◽

Optimal Decisions ◽

The Third Party ◽

Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to study whether the recycling of a third party competes with the trade-in service of a manufacturer, and explores the optimal trade-in and third-party collection authorization strategies for the manufacturer. Design/methodology/approach According to whether to authorize a third party to collect its used products, the manufacturer has two choices: one is not authorization (NA); the other is authorization (A). This paper uses profit-maximization model to investigate the optimal decisions of the manufacturer and the third party under NA and A, respectively, and then explores which choice is better for the manufacturer. Findings It is observed that there is a competition between trade-in service and third-party recycling when the durability parameter of the used product is relatively small. Moreover, when the durability parameter of the used product is relatively large, A is always better choice for the manufacturer; otherwise, NA is a better choice except for the case that the unit trade-in subsidy is low and the salvage of the used product is high. Practical implications These results provide managerial insights for the manufacturer and the third party to make decisions in the field of recycling. Originality/value This paper is among the first papers to study the competition between trade-in program and third party’s collecting program under government’s trade-in subsidy policy. Moreover, this paper presents the conditions under which the manufacturer should authorize or not authorize the third party to collect its used products.

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Secure Channel for Sharing Datasets by using Privacy-Preserving Integration Method

Journal of Computer Based Parallel Programming ◽

10.46610/jocpp.2021.v06i02.006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

G Sriman Narayana ◽

Kuruva Arjun Kumar

Keyword(s):

Data Integration ◽

Integration Method ◽

Privacy Preserving ◽

The Other ◽

Third Party ◽

Traffic Data ◽

Structure Preserving ◽

Efficient Approach ◽

The Third ◽

Secure Channel

In privacy-enhancing technology, it has been inevitably challenging to strike a maintain balance between privacy, efficiency and usability (utility). We propose a highly practical and efficient approach for privacy-preserving integration and sharing of datasets among a group of participants. At the heart of our solution is a new interactive protocol, Secure Channel. Through Secure Channel, each participant is able to randomize their datasets via an independent and untrusted third party, such that the resulting dataset can be merged with other randomized datasets contributed by other participants group in a privacy-preserving manner. Our process does not require any public or key sharing between participants in order to integrate different datasets. This, in turn, leads to a user can understand and use easily and scalable solution. Moreover, the accuracy of a randomized dataset which are returned by the third party can be securely verified by the other participant of group. We further demonstrate Secure Channel’s general utilities, using it to construct a structure preserving data integration protocol. This is mainly useful for, good quality integration of network traffic data.

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10. Alternative Dispute Resolution

A Practical Approach to Civil Procedure ◽

10.1093/he/9780198858386.003.0010 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 111-117

Author(s):

Stuart Sime

Keyword(s):

Dispute Resolution ◽

Alternative Dispute Resolution ◽

Third Party ◽

The Third ◽

Early Settlement ◽

Court Involvement ◽

The Third Party ◽

The Cost

Alternative dispute resolution (ADR), particularly mediation, plays a key role in reducing the costs of civil disputes by fomenting the early settlement of cases. This chapter discusses ADR processes; advantages or disadvantages of ADR and litigation; the cost of ADR; reference to ADR; and court involvement in ADR. Adjudicative ADR results in the third party neutral deciding the dispute or difference between the parties. Non-adjudicative ADR processes involve moving the parties towards reaching a compromise agreement between themselves. Rules of court require parties to consider using ADR. Sanctions may be imposed on parties who act unreasonably.

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Mrs. Gore's legacy to commerce

Legal Studies ◽

10.1111/j.1748-121x.1981.tb00125.x ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 287-295

Author(s):

P.J. Davies

Keyword(s):

Legal Liability ◽

The Other ◽

Third Party ◽

The Third ◽

Commercial World ◽

The Third Party ◽

Contractual Obligations ◽

Privity Of Contract

It is commonplace in the commercial world for contractual obligations to be performed by persons other than the original parties to the contract. Because of the doctrine of privity of contract persons who are not party to a contract generally cannot take advantage of terms contained in it. If, therefore, a person undertakhg the performance of obligations which someone else has originally assumed misperforms those tasks so as to incur legal liability towards the other original contracting party, it would seem that he cannot rely on a protecting clause in the contract even though that clause may purport to afford him cover. A variety of avenues of escape from this situation (which is often commerically inconvenient) have been at various times advocated: the doctrine of vicarious immunity and the trust idea have been explored and eventually rejected. Other methods of avoidance retain more vigour: we have probably not heard the last of arguments based on the doctrines of volenti non fit injuria and disclaimer, of the bailment on terms and of the idea of spelling out a separate contract (or offer) between the party now suing and the third party.

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10. Alternative Dispute Resolution

10.1093/he/9780198823100.003.1145 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Stuart Sime

Keyword(s):

Dispute Resolution ◽

Alternative Dispute Resolution ◽

Third Party ◽

The Third ◽

Early Settlement ◽

Court Involvement ◽

The Third Party ◽

The Cost

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Taking Sides in Wars of Attrition

American Political Science Review ◽

10.1017/s0003055416000782 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 111 (2) ◽

pp. 219-236 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

ROBERT POWELL

Keyword(s):

Asymmetric Information ◽

Continuous Time ◽

Formal Analysis ◽

Third Parties ◽

The Other ◽

Third Party ◽

War Of Attrition ◽

The Third ◽

Boomerang Effect ◽

Formal Framework

Third parties often have a stake in the outcome of a conflict and can affect that outcome by taking sides. This article studies the factors that affect a third party's decision to take sides in a civil or interstate war by adding a third actor to a standard continuous-time war of attrition with two-sided asymmetric information. The third actor has preferences over which of the other two actors wins and for being on the winning side conditional on having taken sides. The third party also gets a flow payoff during the fighting which can be positive when fighting is profitable or negative when fighting is costly. The article makes four main contributions: First, it provides a formal framework for analyzing the effects of endogenous intervention on the duration and outcome of the conflict. Second, it identifies a “boomerang” effect that tends to make alignment decisions unpredictable and coalitions dynamically unstable. Third, it yields several clear comparative-static results. Finally, the formal analysis has implications for empirical efforts to estimate the effects of intervention, showing that there may be significant selection and identification issues.

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Prenegotiation Development of Optimism in Intractable Conflict

International Negotiation ◽

10.1163/15718069-12341297 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 59-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dean G. Pruitt

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

Third Party ◽

Case Material ◽

Face To Face ◽

Intractable Conflict ◽

The Third ◽

A Chain ◽

The Impact ◽

Psychological Experiments

Except when there is substantial third-party pressure for settlement, participants in intractable conflict will only enter negotiation if they are motivated to end the conflict and optimistic about negotiation’s chances of success. The sources of such optimism are explored using case material from three intractable interethnic conflicts that were ultimately resolved by negotiation. In all three cases, optimism developed during prenegotiation communication between the parties. Also there were two main channels of communication, each channel providing credibility to the other and serving as a back-up if the other failed. In two of the cases the communication was face-to-face and friendly, but in the third it was distant and mediated by a chain of two intermediaries. A possible reason for this difference is that the parties were positively interdependent in the first two cases but not in the third. The paper concludes with a summary of three psychological experiments that demonstrate the impact of positive vs. negative interdependence.

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An Efficient Methodologies for Data Integrity in Cloud Storage

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering - Special Issue ◽

10.35940/ijitee.i8621.078919 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 2029-2033

Keyword(s):

Cloud Storage ◽

Space Complexity ◽

Third Party ◽

Limited Resources ◽

Huge Number ◽

The Third ◽

Integrity Checking ◽

External Sources ◽

The Cost ◽

Time And Space Complexity

Majority of the organization uses cloud for storage purpose in order to reduce the cost as well as maintenance. Due to increasing threat from internal and external sources, there would be possibility of corruption in the cloud storage files. Thus the storage must to be monitored periodically for integrity checking. Since most of the Data Owners have limited resources thus the responsibility of integrity checking goes to the Third Party Auditors (TPA). In this paper, we have proposed 2 methodologies of Integrity Checking in Cloud Storage (1) Enhanced Dynamic Hash Tree – n Versions (EDHT-n), which has best performance in term of time and space complexity compared to the existing methods.(2) Hybrid Enhanced Dynamic Hash Tree (HEDHT), which is best suited for very huge number of files in a directory

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