scholarly journals Social disappointment and partner presence affect long-tailed macaque refusal behaviour in an "inequity aversion" experiment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowan Titchener ◽  
Constance Thiriau ◽  
Timo Hüser ◽  
Hansjörg Scherberger ◽  
Julia Fischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Food Competition ◽  
Inequity Aversion ◽  
The Social

Inequity aversion plays a central role in human cooperation. Some animals similarly show frustration and become demotivated when rewarded more poorly than a conspecific, which has been taken as evidence of inequity aversion. An alternative explanation - social disappointment - shifts the cause of frustration from the unequal reward to the human experimenter who could – but elects not to – treat subject and partner equally. This study investigates whether social disappointment could explain frustration patterns in long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis. We tested twelve monkeys in a novel inequity aversion paradigm. Subjects had to pull a lever and were rewarded with low-value food; in half of the trials a partner worked alongside the subjects receiving high-value food. Rewards were distributed either by a human or a machine. In line with the social disappointment hypothesis monkeys rewarded by the human refused food more often than monkeys rewarded by the machine. Our study extends previous findings in chimpanzees and suggests that both social disappointment and food competition drive refusal patterns.

The Eighteenth-Century Social Order in Surat: A Reply and an Excursus on the Riots of 1788 and 1795

1991 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
The Social

The Banias of eighteenth-century Surat, whom Michelguglielmo Torri earlier treated with indifference if not innocence, have invited his wrath since they were brought into focus by the publication of my essay on the Banias and the Surat riot of 1795. In his ‘rejoinder’ to my article, he seeks to wish away their existence altogether (to him there was no specific Bania community, the term merely signifying traders of all communities engaged in the profession of brokerage), and seeks to provide what he regards as an ‘alternative’ explanation of the Muslim–Bania riot of 1795. the Muslim-Bania riot of 1795. It shall be my purpose in this reply to show that his alternative explanation is neither an alternative nor even an explanation, and is based on a basic confusion in his mind about the Banias as well as the principal sources of tension in the social structure of Surat. I shall treat two main subjects in this reply to his misdirected criticisms. First, I shall present some original indigenous material as well as European documentation to further clarify the identity, position and role of the Banias, whom Irfan Habib in a recent article has identified as the most important trading group in the trading world of seventeenth and eighteenth-century India. It is also my purpose to show how the social order of Surat operated under stress by presenting some archival material, the existence of which Torri seems to be completely unaware of, on the Parsi-Muslim riot of 1788.

Biased Benevolence: The Perceived Morality of Effective Altruism Across Social Distance

2021 ◽  
pp. 014616722110027
Author(s):  
Kyle Fiore Law ◽  
Dylan Campbell ◽  
Brendan Gaesser
Keyword(s):  
Relationship Quality ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
The Social ◽  
Effective Altruism ◽  
Quality Study ◽  
Matched Study

Is altruism always morally good, or is the morality of altruism fundamentally shaped by the social opportunity costs that often accompany helping decisions? Across four studies, we reveal that in cases of realistic tradeoffs in social distance for gains in welfare where helping socially distant others necessitates not helping socially closer others with the same resources, helping is deemed as less morally acceptable. Making helping decisions at a cost to socially closer others also negatively affects judgments of relationship quality (Study 2) and in turn, decreases cooperative behavior with the helper (Study 3). Ruling out an alternative explanation of physical distance accounting for the effects in Studies 1 to 3, social distance continued to impact moral acceptability when physical distance across social targets was matched (Study 4). These findings reveal that attempts to decrease biases in helping may have previously unconsidered consequences for moral judgments, relationships, and cooperation.

Influence of a novel male on the social behaviour of a captive group of mature female long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis)

1982 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jones ◽  
B. Byrne ◽  
M. R. A. Chance
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Captive Group ◽  
The Social ◽  
Grooming Relationships ◽  
Small Colony ◽  
Sexually Mature

The replacement of a sexually mature, but sexually inactive, male by a novel mature male in a small colony of Macaca fascicularis brought about changes in social behaviour and structure. Particularly striking were the heightened levels of all sexual activity, especially in the females' invitation to the male to copulate. Cohesiveness around the male increased. Increased levels of agonism were noted and changes in the agonistic female hierarchy resulted. The grooming relationships in the colony were also significantly altered.

scholarly journals Choosing the right place? An experimental examination of ethnic preferences in housing decisions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Zangger
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Mixed Logit ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Ethnic Segregation ◽  
Residential Preferences ◽  
Mixed Logit Models ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Right ◽  
Geocoded Data

Residential preferences are often treated as exogenous causes of social and ethnic segregation. In this paper, this assumption is challenged. Instead, this contribution proposes and evaluates how residential preferences are shaped by the conditions of one's neighbourhood. This approach acknowledges the mutual dependence of experienced neighbourhood and housing conditions, residential preferences, and segregation patterns. Doing so, an alternative explanation for the often documented ethnic preferences in housing decisions is elaborated and tested by applying multilevel generalized linear latent and mixed logit models to unique, geocoded data from a choice experiment. Results indicate that people differ in their evaluation of the social and ethnic composition of housing alternatives' residential surroundings. Moreover, these heterogeneous evaluations are largely independent of respondents' own ethnic background. Instead, the observed taste heterogeneity varies over respondents' bespoke neighbourhoods. However, the evaluation of the social and ethnic composition of the housing alternatives does not vary over larger administrative neighbourhoods. This result highlights the importance of proximate, small-scale geographic processes in shaping people's residential preferences.

Directors’ networks and access to collective resources

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaétan Breton ◽  
Saidatou Dicko
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Resource Dependency ◽  
Resource Dependency Theory ◽  
Dependency Theory ◽  
Case Study Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
The Social

Purpose – This paper aims to illustrate the resource dependency theory by making ties between the different resources needed by a firm and the members of the board through their allegiances to different organizations. Many researchers have explained the formation of the board through a controlling function. Alternative explanation is proposed by the resource dependency theory. Design/methodology/approach – To investigate the case of the largest company in Canada, the authors took their data in the Boardex database. Then drawing an affiliation matrix, they used the Pajek software to analyze these connections. They obtained a non-directional social network prone to illustrate the resource dependency theory. Findings – The authors found different categories of resources being placed at firm’s disposal: political, social and economic, under different forms. Because a case study approach was used, the findings will be used to complete the theory rather than confirm or contradict it. The case firm is well-connected at every level, although having a quite conservative board: only one woman, no representative of the social or environmental worlds. Through a program for designing networks, the authors show that board member’s networks are encompassing a spectrum of resources. Comparing with a previous study, it was found that the proportions of these resources remain the same in 2013 than in 2007. Research limitations/implications – This case is a very large group. Therefore, it can be expected that it will need every kind of resources. It might be interesting to replicate the study on smaller firms. The results imply that boards may not be the best structure to control the firm’s inside activities. Originality/value – Although many theoretical papers exist on this question, the board is mainly studied through the insiders/outsiders dichotomy, but there are few practical studies taking the resource dependency theory perspective.

Effects of social stress on heart rate and heart rate variability in growing pigs

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. C. de Jong ◽  
A. Sgoifo ◽  
E. Lambooij ◽  
S. M. Korte ◽  
H. J. Blokhuis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Cardiac Arrhythmias ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Food Competition ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Test Parameters ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Resident Intruder

The effects of social stress on heart rate, heart rate variability and the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias were studied in 12 growing pigs. Social stress was induced during a good competition test with a pen mate, and subsequently during a resident–intruder test with an unacquainted pig in which the experimental pig was the intruder. The outcome of a test was determined using observations of agonistic behaviour. Five pigs won the food competition test. All pigs were defeated in the resident–intruder test with an unacquainted pig. For all pigs, heart rate was significantly higher and thus the R-R interval significantly lower during the food competition test and resident–intruder test than during baseline recordings. However, pigs that were first defeated in the food competition test had a higher heart rate during the first 7 min of the resident–intruder test than winners of the food competition test. Parameters of heart rate variabiality did not significantly change during the food competition test and the resident–intruder test relative to baseline recordings. Thus, the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous system remained in balance during the social stress situations. This may explain why the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias did not increase during the food competition test and the resident–intruder test relative to baseline. We showed that social status, based on agonistic encounters during the food competition test, may influence the heart rate responses of pigs during the resident–intruder test. When heart rate is used as an index of stress, results indicate that subordinate pigs may experience more stress during an agonistic encounter with an unacquainted pig than dominant pigs. Key words: Behaviour, heart rate, social stress, telemetry, pigs

Group Responses To Specially Skilled Individuals in a Macaca Fascicularis Group

Behaviour ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 107 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 241-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduard Stammbach
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Social Position ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
The Social ◽  
Lower Ranking ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Two Phases

The aim of this study was to investigate the capability of monkeys to assess special characteristics in conspecifics. In a first phase I ascertained that all members of a colony of longtailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were able to attain food by manipulating a one lever apparatus, thus introducing the "tradition" of lever pulling. Then, experiments were carried out on subgroups of the colony where only one of the lower ranking subgroup members was trained to succeed in a more complex task where three levers had to be pulled in a correct sequence. Eight specialists were established in sequence. These specialists became food producers for themselves and for the other group members. Each trial of a specialist's series was carried out in two phases. In the first, the food phase, the food dispensing apparatus was active and responses of other subgroup members to the food producing specialist were observed. In the second, the social phase, the apparatus remained inactive and observations focused on social interactions of the subgroup. As expected, primarily high ranking subgroup members attempted to participate in the food rewards gained by the specialist. It is shown that high ranking animals began to hold back their initial chasing of the specialist from the food site in course of the trials and were soon tolerated to sit near the subordinate food producer. Furthermore, some of the non-specialists began to follow or even to pass the specialist when he was approaching the apparatus to manipulate the levers. These non-specialists thus indicated that they were able to anticipate later actions. In seven out of 55 specialist-non-specialist relationships all predicted changes in social interactions occurred. In the majority of the dyads in which a change in social affiliation was registered an increase of grooming or spatial proximity was positively correlated with the amount of benefit gained from the specialist. In the social phase of the trials the non-specialists gave more grooming to the food producers and maintained spatial proximity even in this second phase. To conclude: At least some of the group members became aware of the skills of the specialists and adapted their behaviour accordingly as if to maximize benefits from their skills. Previous studies had already suggested that monkeys know about social position, social relationships and kinship of group members. This study adds a new aspect of knowledge, namely knowledge on capabilities and skills of others. Differential knowledge allows monkeys to select partners optimally according to their skills and social position.

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