scholarly journals Predicting takeover response to silent automated vehicle failures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Callum Mole ◽  
Jami Pekkanen ◽  
William Sheppard ◽  
Tyron Louw ◽  
Richard Romano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Human Capabilities ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Performance Metric ◽  
Driver Performance ◽  
Human Driver ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Lane Keeping ◽  
Huge Challenge

It remains a huge challenge to create Automated Vehicles (AVs) that are able to respond safely in all possible circumstances. Silent failures will occur when an AV fails to keep within the safety envelope and does not detect this failure or alert the human driver. To ensure AV safety, it is crucial to have a better understanding of human capabilities responding to silent failures. A highly controlled experiment was conducted to test drivers detecting and steering in response to a range of lane keeping failures of automation, using Time-to-Lane-Crossing (TLC) as the primary performance metric. Bayesian hierarchical modelling was used to construct predictive models that showed drivers responded more slowly (and less consistently) during less critical failures (for each 1 s increase in TLC at failure there was a 0.36 s increase in TLC at takeover). A manipulation that increased cognitive load impaired driver performance further (TLC at takeover decreased by 0.1 s and variability increased by 10\%). Steering response magnitudes scaled according to TLC at takeover, but increased cognitive load dampened steering. Whilst these results demonstrate increased risk caused by additional cognitive load, the magnitude of the effect was fairly small compared to the within and between participant variability. Modelling this variability allowed simulations of hypothetical silent failures to be run based on different road conditions (varied curvature, width and speed) and various delays in response times. This modelling suggests that a high proportion of silent failures would result in unsafe transitions of control from AV to a human driver.

Studying the influence of cognitive load on driver's performances by a Fuzzy analysis of Lane Keeping in a drive simulation.

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (21) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sena ◽  
M. d'Amore ◽  
M. Pappalardo ◽  
A. Pellegrino ◽  
A. Fiorentino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Fuzzy Analysis ◽  
Lane Keeping

scholarly journals Do Negative Economic Shocks Affect Cognitive Function, Adherence to Social Norms and Loss Aversion?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Bogliacino ◽  
Felipe Montealegre
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Loss Aversion ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Economic Shocks ◽  
Performance Loss ◽  
Cheating Behavior ◽  
Real Effort

Households are frequently subject to income and asset shocks. We performed a lab experiment, inducing losses on a real effort task, after which we measured cognitive performance, loss aversion and cheating behavior. We found that asset losses, but not income losses, act as a cognitive load, by decreasing accuracy and increasing response times. We did not detect any change in dishonesty or loss aversion.

The Effects of Cognitive and Visual Workload on Peripheral Detection in the Detection Response Task

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 855-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim van Winsum
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Detection Response ◽  
Response Task ◽  
Stimulus Eccentricity

Objective: The independent effects of cognitive and visual load on visual Detection Response Task (vDRT) reaction times were studied in a driving simulator by performing a backwards counting task and a simple driving task that required continuous focused visual attention to the forward view of the road. The study aimed to unravel the attentional processes underlying the Detection Response Task effects. Background: The claim of previous studies that performance degradation on the vDRT is due to a general interference instead of visual tunneling was challenged in this experiment. Method: vDRT stimulus eccentricity and stimulus conspicuity were applied as within-subject factors. Results: Increased cognitive load and visual load both resulted in increased response times (RTs) on the vDRT. Cognitive load increased RT but revealed no task by stimulus eccentricity interaction. However, effects of visual load on RT showed a strong task by stimulus eccentricity interaction under conditions of low stimulus conspicuity. Also, more experienced drivers performed better on the vDRT while driving. Conclusion: This was seen as evidence for a differential effect of cognitive and visual workload. The results supported the tunnel vision model for visual workload, where the sensitivity of the peripheral visual field reduced as a function of visual load. However, the results supported the general interference model for cognitive workload. Application: This has implications for the diagnosticity of the vDRT: The pattern of results differentiated between visual task load and cognitive task load. It also has implications for theory development and workload measurement for different types of tasks.

Feedforward and Feedback Control of Lane Keeping by the Human Driver

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Zhou ◽  
Huei Peng
Keyword(s):  
Feedback Control ◽  
Disturbance Rejection ◽  
Control Algorithm ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Simulation Environment ◽  
Perceptual Cues ◽  
Lane Tracking ◽  
Human Driver ◽  
Road Geometry ◽  
Lane Keeping

A feedforward/feedback control model of drivers’ lane keeping behavior is presented in this paper. The model is based on the linearized analysis of the driver’s curve negotiation dynamics. In real driving, the driver previews the upcoming road geometry and relies on perceived vehicle states to maintain a desired lateral position. Feedforward and feedback roles are associated with different perceptual cues, and the lane keeping task is formulated into a disturbance rejection problem. Control parameters are determined to reflect natural stable human characteristics. Verification tests in a realistic simulation environment demonstrate the ability of the model to generate driver/vehicle lane keeping responses comparable to those obtained on a simulator. Potentially, the derived control algorithm can also be applied to automatic lane-tracking as long as reliable information regarding vehicle states and upcoming road conditions is accessible.

scholarly journals Accelerated Failure Time Model to Explore the Perception Response Times of Drivers in Simulated Car-Following Scenarios

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yingshi Guo ◽  
Zhi Zhang ◽  
Wei Yuan ◽  
Chang Wang ◽  
Fuwei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Hazard Rate ◽  
Failure Time ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Initial Time ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Accelerated Failure Time ◽  
Time Headway ◽  
Accelerated Failure

In the development of effective rear-end collision alarm systems, understanding the factors that influence the perception response times (PRT) of drivers is important for the design of a reasonable lead time for the warning (or intervention) of likely collisions. Previous studies have proposed different approaches for examining the impact of situational or individual factors on the PRT of drivers. However, unobserved heterogeneity has not been considered and neither has a duration-modeling approach been used, resulting in a lack of accurate estimation. The purpose of the present study was to explore the effect of the driving situation and individual differences on the PRT of drivers while also considering unobserved heterogeneity. A total of 101 participants were exposed to different levels of secondarily cognitive load and situational urgency in simulated d scenarios. Several accelerated failure time (AFT) duration models, both with and without heterogeneity, were developed to model the PRT of drivers, while factors related to driving situation and individual differences were incorporated. The results indicate that influential factors include age, working memory capacity (WMC), cognitive load, and initial time headway exerted significant effects on the PRT of drivers. The hazard rate changed by 14.4%, 22.6%, and 7.5% when age, cognitive load, and initial time headway changed by one unit, respectively. Furthermore, the hazard rate decreases by more than 20% for individuals with higher WMC compared with baseline individuals. These results suggest that the AFT model that considers unobserved heterogeneity can provide a more accurate estimation of the PRT compared to other duration models. These findings can be expected to provide a further understanding of drivers’ braking behaviors, which will contribute to the development of advanced driving assistant systems as well as safety assessments of in-vehicle information and communication technologies.

Temperament and Attentional Bias in Vocal Emotional Stroop Tasks

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Paelecke ◽  
Yvonne Paelecke–Habermann ◽  
Peter Borkenau
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Human Information Processing ◽  
Task Switch ◽  
Vocal Response ◽  
Emotional Stroop ◽  
Affective Quality ◽  
Stroop Tasks

Human information processing is influenced by the affective quality of pleasant and unpleasant stimuli. A widely known example is the emotional variant of the colour–naming Stroop task. Although participants are not instructed to attend to valence, it nevertheless influences response times. We studied how persons differ in ignoring the irrelevant valence of stimuli and how such differences are related to personality traits. In two emotional Stroop tasks using a vocal response mode, participants were instructed to name the colour of unpleasant and pleasant words presented in different physical colours. In Study 2, we introduced a second task to increase the cognitive load. Across both studies, extraversion and approach temperament were associated with higher interferences by pleasant words. Neuroticism and avoidance temperament, however, were associated with higher interferences by unpleasant words only when cognitive load increased because of a task switch. This finding suggests that highly neurotic individuals can mitigate influences of emotional stimuli on information processing under conditions of low cognitive load. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Using Driver Performance Measures to Estimate Workload

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (22) ◽  
pp. 1804-1808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua B. Hurwitz ◽  
David J. Wheatley
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Close Link ◽  
Monitoring Task ◽  
Driver Performance ◽  
Driver Support Systems ◽  
Driving Task ◽  
Lane Keeping ◽  
The Impact

This study evaluated the impact of the modality of distractor tasks and the difficulty of the driving task on driver control over a vehicle. Driving is a task with a close link between visual information processing and driver performance variables such as lane keeping. Consequently, compared to auditory distractors, visual distractors should have a larger negative effect on vehicle control, but mainly when the driving task also adds significant workload for the driver. In this study, drivers drove around either a curvy or a straight track while occasionally performing either an auditory or a visual secondary monitoring task. Performance of the secondary task was associated with deterioration in steering wheel control and lane keeping, but only on the curvy track and mainly when the secondary task required visual monitoring. These results are discussed in terms of their implication for developing workload managers in in-vehicle driver support systems.

Nonvestibular Motion Cueing in a Fixed-Base Driving Simulator: Effects on Driver Braking and Cornering Performance

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. de Groot ◽  
M. Mulder ◽  
P. A. Wieringa
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Braking Performance ◽  
Driver Performance ◽  
Driving Speed ◽  
Motion Cueing ◽  
Fixed Base ◽  
Lane Keeping

Motion platforms can be used to provide vestibular cues in a driving simulator, and have been shown to reduce driving speed and acceleration. However, motion platforms are expensive devices, and alternatives for providing motion cues need to be investigated. In independent experiments, the following eight low-cost nonvestibular motion cueing systems were tested by comparing driver performance to control groups driving with the cueing system disengaged: (1) seat belt tensioning system, (2) vibrating steering wheel, (3) motion seat, (4) screeching tire sound, (5) beeping sound, (6) road noise, (7) vibrating seat, and (8) pressure seat. The results showed that these systems are beneficial in reducing speed and acceleration and that they improve lane-keeping and/or stopping accuracy. The seat belt tensioning system had a particularly large influence on driver braking performance. This system reduced driving speed, increased stopping distance, reduced maximum deceleration, and increased stopping accuracy. It is concluded that low-cost nonvestibular motion cueing may be a welcome alternative for improving in-simulator performance so that it better matches real-world driving performance.

Cognitive Load and Situation Awareness for Soldiers: Effects of Message Presentation Rate and Sensory Modality

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 763-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin G. Hollands ◽  
Tzvi Spivak ◽  
Eric W. Kramkowski
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Presentation Rate ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Auditory Presentation ◽  
Presentation Modality ◽  
Nasa Tlx ◽  
Response Task

Objective: We sought to determine the influence of message presentation rate (MPR) and sensory modality on soldier cognitive load. Background: Soldiers commonly communicate tactical information by radio. The Canadian Army is equipping soldiers with a battle management system (BMS), which also allows them to communicate by text. Method: We varied presentation modality (auditory vs. visual) and MPR (fast or slow) in an experiment involving a tactical scenario. Participants (soldiers) received messages and periodically provided situation reports to higher level command, and the scored reports were used to provide a measure of situation awareness (SA). The detection response task (DRT) and NASA-TLX were used to measure cognitive load. Results: The fast MPR reduced DRT accuracy and increased response times relative to slow MPR. The NASA-TLX results also showed higher subjective workload ratings for several subscales with fast MPR. Messages presented visually produced greater cognitive load, with slower DRT response times for the visual than the auditory condition. SA scores were higher with slower MPR and auditory presentation. There was no statistical interaction of presentation modality and rate for any measure. Conclusion: Fast MPR and visual presentation increased cognitive load and degraded SA. Application: These findings show that the DRT can be used to measure workload effectively in a tactical military context and that the method of information presentation affects how soldiers process information in a BMS.

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