scholarly journals Punishment and corruption

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Štěpán Bahník ◽  
Marek Albert Vranka
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Crowding Out ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Task Modeling ◽  
Laboratory Task

Punishment is one of the main methods for preventing corruption. However, studies on the effect of size and probability of punishment on bribe-taking have not yielded conclusive results. We introduce a punishment by a fine or termination of the task, both with varying probabilities, in a laboratory task modeling the decision to take a bribe. The punishment decreased the probability of taking higher bribes, even though the probability of taking lower bribes was unaffected. Participants took fewer bribes when the fine was larger and more probable. We did not observe any clear negative effects of small punishment crowding out intrinsic motivation to behave honestly. However, we found that effects of punishment differ based on emotionality and honesty-humility of participants. The study shows that the prospect of punishment may deter dishonest behavior; however, personality characteristics should be taken into account when devising an effective deterrence policy.

scholarly journals Experimental test of the effects of punishment probability and size on the decision to take a bribe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Štěpán Bahník ◽  
Marek Albert Vranka
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Experimental Test ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Crowding Out ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Task Modeling ◽  
Laboratory Task

Punishment is one of the main methods for preventing corruption. However, studies on the effect of size and probability of punishment on bribe-taking have not yielded conclusive results. We introduce a punishment by a fine or termination of the task, both with varying probabilities, in a laboratory task modeling the decision to take a bribe. The punishment decreased the probability of taking higher bribes, even though the probability of taking lower bribes was unaffected. Participants took fewer bribes when the fine was larger and more probable. We did not observe any clear negative effects of small punishment crowding out intrinsic motivation to behave honestly. However, we found that effects of punishment differ based on emotionality and honesty-humility of participants. The study shows that the prospect of punishment may deter dishonest behavior; however, personality characteristics should be taken into account when devising an effective deterrence policy.

Intrinsic Motivation, Psychological Needs, and Competition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Ryan ◽  
Johnmarshall Reeve
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Theory Analysis ◽  
Relevant Feedback ◽  
Competitive Outcomes ◽  
Ego Involvement

Competition is an apt place to experience intrinsic motivation, as competitive settings are often rich with optimal challenges and immediate, effectance-relevant feedback. Yet competition can also undermine intrinsic motivation and sustained engagement by introducing controlling pressures and negative feedback. To explain the contrasting effects of competitive settings on intrinsic motivation, this chapter presents a self-determination theory analysis. According to the theory, when elements of competitive settings are experienced as controlling or pressuring, they undermine competitors’ autonomy, decreasing intrinsic motivation. However, when these elements are perceived as both non-controlling and competence-informing, they can satisfy both autonomy and competence needs, enhancing intrinsic motivation. Unpacking these motivational crosscurrents, the authors identify the motivational implications of different elements of competition, including competitive set, pressure to win, feedback and competitive outcomes, challenge, leaders’ motivating styles, team interpersonal climate, and intrapersonal events such as ego-involvement. The authors also examine both positive and negative effects of competition on the need for relatedness. The chapter concludes by discussing how conditions that foster the need-satisfying aspects of competition not only enhance intrinsic motivation but also help prevent the emergence of competition’s darker sides, such as cheating, doping, objectifying opponents, aggression, and poor sportspersonship.

Crowding-Out of Intrinsic Motivation - Opening the Black Box

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoinette A. Weibel ◽  
Katja Rost ◽  
Margit Osterloh
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Crowding Out

scholarly journals Energy-efficient design, consumer awareness, and public policy

SERIEs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Arguedas ◽  
Sandra Rousseau
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Crowding Out ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Consumer Awareness ◽  
Information Campaigns ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
Full Effect ◽  
Energy Efficient Design

AbstractTo facilitate the energy transition, regulators can choose between several policy options to stimulate energy-efficient design by firms. One possibility is to target firms directly through standards or subsidies. Alternatively, it is possible to influence firms indirectly by targeting firms’ stakeholders and raising consumer awareness through information campaigns and education. In this paper, we focus specifically on the pivotal role of consumers and we investigate the effectiveness of subsidies, product standards, and education in improving firms’ environmental performance through energy-efficient product design. In particular, we investigate the importance of the interaction effect between the regulation and consumers’ environmental awareness under different market structures. We find that a policy based on a product standard can counteract the negative effects of crowding-out consumers’ intrinsic motivation in a monopoly setting, although this counteracting effect is less powerful under a duopoly. However, a subsidy does not provide such a backup system and the full effect of crowding-out will be visible.

Crowdfunding Acts as a Funding Substitute and a Legitimating Signal for Nonprofit Performing Arts Organizations

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 827-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kostas Alexiou ◽  
Jennifer Wiggins ◽  
Stephen B. Preece
Keyword(s):  
Performing Arts ◽  
Crowding Out ◽  
Arts Organizations ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Important Link ◽  
Performing Arts Organizations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cultural Data

This research examines the relationship between crowdfunding campaigns by nonprofit performing arts organizations and their overall fundraising portfolio. Using a dataset compiled from the CrowdBerkeley Initiative and the Cultural Data Project, we find an important link between campaign success and organization age. For young organizations, crowdfunding success attracts funding in the subsequent year, while a failed campaign significantly hampers the organization’s ability to raise funds, suggesting that crowdfunding acts as a legitimating signal. In contrast, older organizations appear to be insulated from the negative effects of a failed campaign. In addition, higher amounts raised in the campaign are associated with a substitution or “crowding out” effect for other types of funding for young organizations, but this effect reverses for older organizations. This suggests that crowdfunding should not only be considered a tool for younger organizations, but also holds promise for established organizations.

Negative Effects of Competition on Children's Intrinsic Motivation

1986 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 649-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Vallerand ◽  
Lise I. Gauvin ◽  
Wayne R. Halliwell
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Negative Effects

Do Tests and Examinations Alienate the Gifted Student?

1986 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Gifted Students ◽  
Gifted Student ◽  
Independent Learning ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
School Assessment ◽  
Student's Attitudes ◽  
Assessment Procedures

Although gifted students might be expected to welcome school tests and examinations as a means of attaining positive rewards, it is argued that the characteristics of gifted students such as a preference for self-initiated, independent learning make them particularly vulnerable to negative effects associated with assessment. Features of school assessment which are likely to have a harmful effect upon the gifted student's attitudes and intrinsic motivation are identified and approaches are suggested for improving assessment procedures.

scholarly journals Demotivating incentives and motivation crowding out in charitable giving

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (28) ◽  
pp. 7301-7306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Chao
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Charitable Giving ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Direct Mail ◽  
Crowding Out ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Multiattribute Choice ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Motivation Crowding

Research has shown that extrinsic incentives can crowd out intrinsic motivation in many contexts. Despite this, many nonprofits offer conditional thank-you gifts, such as mugs or tote bags, in exchange for donations. In collaboration with a nonprofit, this study implements a direct mail field experiment and demonstrates that thank-you gifts reduced donation rates in a fundraising campaign. Attention-based multiattribute choice models suggest that this is because prospective donors shift attention to the salient gift offer, causing them to underweight less salient intrinsic motives. Attention to the gift may also cause individuals to adopt a more cost–benefit mindset, further de-emphasizing intrinsic motives. Consistent with these hypotheses, crowding out was driven by those who donated higher amounts in the previous year (i.e., those who likely had higher intrinsic motivation). In a complementary online experiment, thank-you gifts also reduced donation rates but only when the gift was visually salient. This corroborates the mediating role of attention in crowding out. Taken together, the laboratory and field results demonstrate that this fundraising technique can be demotivating in some contexts and that this may occur through an attention-based mechanism.

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