scholarly journals Religion and prosociality across the globe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Valencia Caicedo ◽  
Thomas Dohmen ◽  
Andreas Pondorfer
Keyword(s):  
Substitution Effect ◽  
World Religions ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
Negative Reciprocity ◽  
Secular Institutions ◽  
Positive Reciprocity

In this paper we analyze newly available, globally representative data on preferences and world religions (Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism and Judaism). We find that individuals who report believing in such religions also exhibit more prosocial preferences, as measured by their levels of positive reciprocity, altruism and trust. We further document heterogeneous patterns of negative reciprocity and punishment across world religions. The association between religion and prosocial preferences is stronger in more populous societies and weaker in countries with better institutions. The interactive results between these variables point towards a substitution effect between religious and secular institutions, when it comes to prosocial preferences.

Mortality Salience Increases Personal Relevance of the Norm of Reciprocity

2012 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 565-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Schindler ◽  
Marc-André Reinhard ◽  
Dagmar Stahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Terror Management Theory ◽  
Mortality Salience ◽  
Terror Management ◽  
Management Theory ◽  
Personal Relevance ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Negative Reciprocity ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Positive Reciprocity ◽  
Norm Of Reciprocity

Research on terror management theory found evidence that people under mortality salience strive to live up to salient cultural norms and values, like egalitarianism, pacifism, or helpfulness. A basic, strongly internalized norm in most human societies is the norm of reciprocity: people should support those who supported them (i.e., positive reciprocity), and people should injure those who injured them (i.e., negative reciprocity), respectively. In an experiment ( N = 98; 47 women, 51 men), mortality salience overall significantly increased personal relevance of the norm of reciprocity ( M = 4.45, SD = 0.65) compared to a control condition ( M = 4.19, SD = 0.59). Specifically, under mortality salience there was higher motivation to punish those who treated them unfavourably (negative norm of reciprocity). Unexpectedly, relevance of the norm of positive reciprocity remained unaffected by mortality salience. Implications and limitations are discussed.

Paying Back People Who Harmed Us but Not People Who Helped Us: Direct Negative Reciprocity Precedes Direct Positive Reciprocity in Early Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1273-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Chernyak ◽  
Kristin L. Leimgruber ◽  
Yarrow C. Dunham ◽  
Jingshi Hu ◽  
Peter R. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Social Norm ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Critical Component ◽  
Negative Reciprocity ◽  
Positive Direct ◽  
Positive Reciprocity

The principle of direct reciprocity, or paying back specific individuals, is assumed to be a critical component of everyday social exchange and a key mechanism for the evolution of cooperation. Young children know the norm of reciprocity, but it is unclear whether they follow the norm for both positive and negative direct reciprocity or whether reciprocity is initially generalized. Across five experiments ( N = 330), we showed that children between 4 and 8 years of age engaged in negative direct reciprocity but generalized positive reciprocity, despite recalling benefactors. Children did not endorse the norm of positive direct reciprocity as applying to them until about 7 years of age (Study 4), but a short social-norm training enhanced this behavior in younger children (Study 5). Results suggest that negative direct reciprocity develops early, whereas positive reciprocity becomes targeted to other specific individuals only as children learn and adopt social norms.

scholarly journals Preferences and Tourism Development under Uncertainty: An Empirical Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2534
Author(s):  
Zhou Lu ◽  
Haiwei Li ◽  
Chi Keung Marco Lau ◽  
Aliyu Buhari Isah
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Negative Reciprocity ◽  
Nations People ◽  
International Tourist ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Positive Reciprocity

Using the Global Preferences Survey dataset, this paper examines the effects of six measures of preferences (altruism, negative reciprocity, patience, positive reciprocity, risk-taking, and trust) on the per capita international tourist arrivals and the per capita incoming tourist receipts. The data focus on 74 countries for the period from 1995 to 2019. The paper finds that citizens’ trust is positively related to tourism development, and its impact is statistically significant. This evidence indicates that a country with a higher level of trust in other nations’ people attracts more tourists and generates higher tourism receipts.

scholarly journals “Eyes for eyes, teeth for teeth”: positive and negative reciprocity in NPOs

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lamberto Zollo ◽  
Guglielmo Faldetta ◽  
Massimiliano Matteo Pellegrini ◽  
Cristiano Ciappei
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Intention To Stay ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Negative Reciprocity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Reciprocity

PurposeManagement scholars investigated the motivational aspects of volunteers, mainly focusing on their positive reciprocity – individuals feel obligated to reciprocate whenever they receive benefits from others – but neglected the possible role of negative reciprocity, the tendency to retaliate in case of mistreatments. Based on motivational functions theory and the norm of reciprocity, this paper proposes a framework assessing other-oriented and self-oriented motives as the main antecedents of volunteers’ intention to stay in non-profit organizations (NPOs).Design/methodology/approachCovariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) and the PROCESS macro were used to empirically validate and test the hypothesized conceptual model on a sample of 379 volunteers actively involved in Italian NPOs.FindingsPositive reciprocity partially mediated the relationships between volunteers’ other-oriented motives and self-oriented motives and their intention to stay. Instead, negative reciprocity fully mediated the relationship between self-oriented motives and intention to stay but not the relationship between other-oriented motives and intention to stay.Practical implicationsManagers and marketers of NPOs should pay more attention to volunteers’ attitudinal and behavioral signals to encourage within-organization positive reciprocal attitudes and discourage negative reciprocal attitudes. This represents a strategic lever to prevent volunteers from quitting the organization – which is one of the most critical challenges for NPOs’ management – and improve their intention to stay.Originality/valueThis is one of the first studies that simultaneously investigate the mediating role of both positive and negative reciprocity of volunteers actively involved in NPOs. Moreover, the constructs of other-oriented and self-oriented motivations are statistically validated as two separate psychological dimensions impacting on volunteers’ turnover. Finally, the study has been conducted in the Region of Tuscany (Italy) which, despite its centuries-old tradition of volunteerism, has received scant attention by non-profit scholars.

The Archaic Context of Vengeance

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-48
Author(s):  
Alexander C. Loney
Keyword(s):  
Archaic Period ◽  
Anthropological Theory ◽  
Negative Reciprocity ◽  
Retributive Punishment ◽  
Archaic Greece ◽  
Positive Reciprocity

This chapter analyzes the ideology of retributive punishment in the wider context of archaic Greece. It begins by identifying the language associated with vengeance—words etymologically connected with tisis—and outlining some of its uses. Documentary examples in Mycenaean Greek and from Crete are considered and tisis is shown to have a basically transactional sense. Anthropological theory helps distinguish tisis as negative reciprocity over and against positive reciprocity. Three features come to the fore: (1) temporality; (2) the calculation of the object exchanged; (3) the agent calculating the object and whether the exchange is negative or positive. These characteristics are each examined in turn with recourse to examples from the wider Greek corpus down through the archaic period, with particular emphasis on examples from the Iliad.

Belief in Reciprocity in a Chinese Sample

2012 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Zhang ◽  
Jianxin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Chinese People ◽  
Chinese Sample ◽  
Altruistic Motivation ◽  
Prosocial Motivation ◽  
Negative Reciprocity ◽  
Personal Norm ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Chinese Undergraduates ◽  
Negative Interactions ◽  
Positive Reciprocity

Belief in reciprocity refers to a personally internalized faith in the reciprocity norm: that people will return positive and negative interactions or favors in kind. The current study aims to examine the relationship between belief in reciprocity and altruism among a Chinese sample. The Personal Norm of Reciprocity Scale, Trait Forgiveness Scale, Prosocial Tendency Measure, and Altruism Scale were used to assess extent of belief in reciprocity, forgiveness, and prosocial motivation, respectively, among 204 Chinese undergraduates. The results indicated that belief in reciprocity was a partially negative, but not neutral, reciprocity norm for Chinese people. Specifically, belief in reciprocity was positively related to negative reciprocity, but not significantly related to positive reciprocity. Moreover, belief in reciprocity was negatively related to both prosocial tendency and altruistic motivation. The results also indicated that forgiveness largely mediated the effect of belief in reciprocity on altruism. Finally, the implications and limitations of the current study were discussed.

scholarly journals How (un-)informative are experiments with “standard subjects” for other social groups? – The case of agricultural students and farmers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Gruener ◽  
Mira Lehberger ◽  
Norbert Hirschauer ◽  
Oliver Mußhoff
Keyword(s):  
Risk Aversion ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Gift Exchange ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Negative Reciprocity ◽  
Ultimatum Bargaining Game ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
Agricultural Students ◽  
Positive Reciprocity

This paper analyzes whether there is a gap between agricultural students’ and non-students’ (farmers’) behaviors in economic experiments which are often used to measure risk aversion, impatience, positive reciprocity, negative reciprocity, altruism, and trust. A further question is whether monetary incentives matter in this respect. We use the Holt and Laury procedure (2002) to elicit risk aversion, the procedure according to Laury et al. (2012) to measure impatience, a gift exchange game (Charness et al. 2004) to capture positive reciprocity, an ultimatum bargaining game (Güth et al. 1982) to assess negative reciprocity, a dictator experiment (Engel 2011) to gauge altruism, and a trust game (Kosfeld et al. 2005) to assess trust in others. We find no differences between agricultural students and farmers in their risk aversion, whereas the latter are fund to be considerably more impatient than the former. Positive and negative reciprocity is slightly more pronounced with farmers. Findings regarding altruism in the two groups are mixed and trust is somewhat more pronounced with farmers. The paper challenges approaches that assume that students can be used as standard experimental subjects whose behaviors can be generalized towards other populations.

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