The Archaic Context of Vengeance

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-48
Author(s):  
Alexander C. Loney
Keyword(s):  
Archaic Period ◽  
Anthropological Theory ◽  
Negative Reciprocity ◽  
Retributive Punishment ◽  
Archaic Greece ◽  
Positive Reciprocity

This chapter analyzes the ideology of retributive punishment in the wider context of archaic Greece. It begins by identifying the language associated with vengeance—words etymologically connected with tisis—and outlining some of its uses. Documentary examples in Mycenaean Greek and from Crete are considered and tisis is shown to have a basically transactional sense. Anthropological theory helps distinguish tisis as negative reciprocity over and against positive reciprocity. Three features come to the fore: (1) temporality; (2) the calculation of the object exchanged; (3) the agent calculating the object and whether the exchange is negative or positive. These characteristics are each examined in turn with recourse to examples from the wider Greek corpus down through the archaic period, with particular emphasis on examples from the Iliad.

THE RETURN OF THE PIPERS: IN SEARCH OF NARRATIVE MODELS FOR THE AITION OF THE QVINQVATRVS MINVSCVLAE

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Kamila Wysłucha
Keyword(s):  
Archaic Period ◽  
Vase Painting ◽  
Augustan Poetry ◽  
Archaic Greece ◽  
Narrative Model

Abstract The article argues that the famous story about the strike, exile and return of the Roman aulos players, which is recorded in the sixth book of Ovid's Fasti and referred to by other Latin and Greek sources, is based on a narrative model that already existed in Greece in the Archaic period. The study draws parallels between the tale of the pipers and the myth of the return of Hephaestus to Olympus, suggesting that, apart from similar plots, the two stories share many motifs, such as references to themes derived from comedy and satyr drama. Searching for a possible channel of transmission of the story from Archaic Greece to Augustan Rome, the study explores the presence of satyric motifs in Etruscan vase-painting and Roman processional rites. It is furthermore emphasized that many of these motifs, which also appeared in lost satyr-plays, are echoed in Augustan poetry.

Cold Comfort: Empathy and Memory in an Archaic Funerary Monument from Akraiphia

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-214
Author(s):  
Seth Estrin
Keyword(s):  
Mental Image ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
The Self ◽  
Late Archaic ◽  
Mental Images ◽  
Structural Framework ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Archaic Greece ◽  
Memory Object ◽  
Emotional Effects

Focusing on a single funerary monument of the late archaic period, this paper shows how such a monument could be used by a bereaved individual to externalize and communalize the cognitive, perceptual, and emotional effects of loss. Through a close examination of the monument’s sculpted relief and inscribed epigram, I identify a structural framework underlying both that is built around a disjunction between perception and cognition embedded in the self-identified function of the monument as a mnema or memory-object. Through the analysis of other epigrams and literary passages, this disjunctive framework is shown to be derived, in turn, from broader conceptualizations in archaic Greece about how both mental images, including memories, and works of art allowed continued visual, but not cognitive-affective, access to the deceased. From this perspective, the monument’s relief opens up to us the experience of the bereaved individual who is only able to connect with the deceased through a remembered mental image.

Mortality Salience Increases Personal Relevance of the Norm of Reciprocity

2012 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 565-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Schindler ◽  
Marc-André Reinhard ◽  
Dagmar Stahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Terror Management Theory ◽  
Mortality Salience ◽  
Terror Management ◽  
Management Theory ◽  
Personal Relevance ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Negative Reciprocity ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Positive Reciprocity ◽  
Norm Of Reciprocity

Research on terror management theory found evidence that people under mortality salience strive to live up to salient cultural norms and values, like egalitarianism, pacifism, or helpfulness. A basic, strongly internalized norm in most human societies is the norm of reciprocity: people should support those who supported them (i.e., positive reciprocity), and people should injure those who injured them (i.e., negative reciprocity), respectively. In an experiment ( N = 98; 47 women, 51 men), mortality salience overall significantly increased personal relevance of the norm of reciprocity ( M = 4.45, SD = 0.65) compared to a control condition ( M = 4.19, SD = 0.59). Specifically, under mortality salience there was higher motivation to punish those who treated them unfavourably (negative norm of reciprocity). Unexpectedly, relevance of the norm of positive reciprocity remained unaffected by mortality salience. Implications and limitations are discussed.

Paying Back People Who Harmed Us but Not People Who Helped Us: Direct Negative Reciprocity Precedes Direct Positive Reciprocity in Early Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1273-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Chernyak ◽  
Kristin L. Leimgruber ◽  
Yarrow C. Dunham ◽  
Jingshi Hu ◽  
Peter R. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Social Norm ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Critical Component ◽  
Negative Reciprocity ◽  
Positive Direct ◽  
Positive Reciprocity

The principle of direct reciprocity, or paying back specific individuals, is assumed to be a critical component of everyday social exchange and a key mechanism for the evolution of cooperation. Young children know the norm of reciprocity, but it is unclear whether they follow the norm for both positive and negative direct reciprocity or whether reciprocity is initially generalized. Across five experiments ( N = 330), we showed that children between 4 and 8 years of age engaged in negative direct reciprocity but generalized positive reciprocity, despite recalling benefactors. Children did not endorse the norm of positive direct reciprocity as applying to them until about 7 years of age (Study 4), but a short social-norm training enhanced this behavior in younger children (Study 5). Results suggest that negative direct reciprocity develops early, whereas positive reciprocity becomes targeted to other specific individuals only as children learn and adopt social norms.

scholarly journals Religion and prosociality across the globe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Valencia Caicedo ◽  
Thomas Dohmen ◽  
Andreas Pondorfer
Keyword(s):  
Substitution Effect ◽  
World Religions ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
Negative Reciprocity ◽  
Secular Institutions ◽  
Positive Reciprocity

In this paper we analyze newly available, globally representative data on preferences and world religions (Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism and Judaism). We find that individuals who report believing in such religions also exhibit more prosocial preferences, as measured by their levels of positive reciprocity, altruism and trust. We further document heterogeneous patterns of negative reciprocity and punishment across world religions. The association between religion and prosocial preferences is stronger in more populous societies and weaker in countries with better institutions. The interactive results between these variables point towards a substitution effect between religious and secular institutions, when it comes to prosocial preferences.

Greek History

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-112
Author(s):  
Kostas Vlassopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Full Range ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Main Aspect ◽  
Persian Empire ◽  
Institutional Power ◽  
Greek History ◽  
Archaic Greece ◽  
Athenian History ◽  
Gradual Transformation ◽  
Formal Procedures

This review commences with two important recent books on archaic Greek history. Hans van Wees sees fiscality as a main aspect of the development of Greek communities in the archaic period. He explores the trajectory of Greek, and more specifically Athenian, fiscality in the course of the archaic period from personal to institutional power, from informal to formal procedures, and from undifferentiated to specialized offices and activities. Van Wees argues convincingly that navies based on publicly built and funded triremes appeared from 530s onwards as a Greek reaction to the emergence of the Persian Empire; the resources for maintaining such navies revolutionized Greek fiscality. This means that the Athenian navy emerged decades before its traditional attribution to the Themistoclean programme of the 480s; but this revolution would have been impossible without the gradual transformation of Athenian fiscality in the previous decades from Solon onwards, as regards the delimitation of institutional and specialized fiscal offices, such as thenaukraroiandkolakretai, and the creation of formal procedures of taxation like theeisphora. This is a very important book that should have significant repercussions on the wider study of archaic Greece and Athenian history; but it also raises the major issue of the nature of our written sources for archaic Athens. While van Wees's use of the sources is plausible, there does not seem to be any wider principle of selection than what suits the argument (very sceptical on the tradition about Solon's fiscal measures, or Themistocles’ mines and navy policy; accepting of traditions about Hippias’ and Cleisthenes’ fiscal measures). We urgently need a focused methodological discussion of the full range of sources and the ways in which tradition, anachronism, ideology, and debate have shaped what we actually have.

scholarly journals Preferences and Tourism Development under Uncertainty: An Empirical Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2534
Author(s):  
Zhou Lu ◽  
Haiwei Li ◽  
Chi Keung Marco Lau ◽  
Aliyu Buhari Isah
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Negative Reciprocity ◽  
Nations People ◽  
International Tourist ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Positive Reciprocity

Using the Global Preferences Survey dataset, this paper examines the effects of six measures of preferences (altruism, negative reciprocity, patience, positive reciprocity, risk-taking, and trust) on the per capita international tourist arrivals and the per capita incoming tourist receipts. The data focus on 74 countries for the period from 1995 to 2019. The paper finds that citizens’ trust is positively related to tourism development, and its impact is statistically significant. This evidence indicates that a country with a higher level of trust in other nations’ people attracts more tourists and generates higher tourism receipts.

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