scholarly journals Telling apart motor noise from exploratory behaviour, in early development

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teodora Gliga
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Early Learning ◽  
Movement Variability ◽  
Contextual Modulation ◽  
New Information ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Increase Motor Activity ◽  
Active Exploration

Infant’s minutes long babbling bouts or energetic reaching for or mouthing of whatever they can get their hands on gives very much the impression of active exploration, a building block for early learning. But how can we tell active exploration from the activity of an immature motor system, attempting but failing to achieve goal directed behaviour? I will focus here on evidence that infants actively increase motor activity and variability when faced with opportunities to gather new information. I will discuss mechanisms generating movement variability, and suggests that, in the various forms it takes, from deliberate hypothesis testing to increasing environmental variability, it could be exploited for learning. However, understanding how infant exploratory behavior contributes to learning will require more in-depth investigations of both the nature of and the contextual modulation of behavioural variability.

Actimetry-documented persistent Periodic Limb Movements during EEG-confirmed deep General Anesthesia: a case report.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich Lersch ◽  
Pascal Jerney ◽  
Heiko Kaiser ◽  
Cédric Willi ◽  
Katharina Steck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Burst Suppression ◽  
Periodic Limb Movements ◽  
Deep Sclerectomy ◽  
Limb Movements ◽  
Periodic Leg Movements ◽  
Increase Motor Activity ◽  
Leg Movements

Motor activity during general anesthesia (GA) without curarization is often interpreted as reflecting insufficient analgosedation. Here we present the case of an octogenarian scheduled for deep sclerectomy receiving opioid-sparing electroencephalography-(EEG)-guided anesthesia. Periodic Leg Movements (PLM) made their appearance with ongoing surgery while his raw EEG displayed a pattern of deep GA (burst suppression). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of actimetry-documented persisting PLM during EEG-monitored GA. Recognizing PLM in the context of GA is of importance for anesthesiologists, as increasing sedation may increase motor activity.

scholarly journals State-dependent sensorimotor gating in a rhythmic motor system

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 2806-2818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel S. White ◽  
Robert M. Spencer ◽  
Michael P. Nusbaum ◽  
Dawn M. Blitz
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Projection Neuron ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Gastric Mill ◽  
Sensory Regulation ◽  
Motor Circuits

Sensory feedback influences motor circuits and/or their projection neuron inputs to adjust ongoing motor activity, but its efficacy varies. Currently, less is known about regulation of sensory feedback onto projection neurons that control downstream motor circuits than about sensory regulation of the motor circuit neurons themselves. In this study, we tested whether sensory feedback onto projection neurons is sensitive only to activation of a motor system, or also to the modulatory state underlying that activation, using the crab Cancer borealis stomatogastric nervous system. We examined how proprioceptor neurons (gastropyloric receptors, GPRs) influence the gastric mill (chewing) circuit neurons and the projection neurons (MCN1, CPN2) that drive the gastric mill rhythm. During gastric mill rhythms triggered by the mechanosensory ventral cardiac neurons (VCNs), GPR was shown previously to influence gastric mill circuit neurons, but its excitation of MCN1/CPN2 was absent. In this study, we tested whether GPR effects on MCN1/CPN2 are also absent during gastric mill rhythms triggered by the peptidergic postoesophageal commissure (POC) neurons. The VCN and POC pathways both trigger lasting MCN1/CPN2 activation, but their distinct influence on circuit feedback to these neurons produces different gastric mill motor patterns. We show that GPR excites MCN1 and CPN2 during the POC-gastric mill rhythm, altering their firing rates and activity patterns. This action changes both phases of the POC-gastric mill rhythm, whereas GPR only alters one phase of the VCN-gastric mill rhythm. Thus sensory feedback to projection neurons can be gated as a function of the modulatory state of an active motor system, not simply switched on/off with the onset of motor activity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sensory feedback influences motor systems (i.e., motor circuits and their projection neuron inputs). However, whether regulation of sensory feedback to these projection neurons is consistent across different versions of the same motor pattern driven by the same motor system was not known. We found that gating of sensory feedback to projection neurons is determined by the modulatory state of the motor system, and not simply by whether the system is active or inactive.

Expressive Movement and Learning: A Study of Score Complexity

1959 ◽  
Vol 105 (438) ◽  
pp. 81-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Brengelmann
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Movement Variability ◽  
Expressive Movement

The present report deals with two effects of movement variability as a function of practice in the drawing from memory of visually presented patterns. The first effect is found in initial practice stages only and appears to be related to the neurotic dichotomy of hysteria/dysthymia. The second effect is specific to late practice stages and related to schizophrenics as against neurotics and controls. Results are mainly discussed to illuminate the problem of score complexity in motor learning. The aim is to show how, in learning involving motor activity, the extent and variability of movement components may affect the validity of learning scores in their relation to personality.

scholarly journals Individual differences in motor noise and adaptation rate are optimally related

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick van der Vliet ◽  
Maarten A. Frens ◽  
Linda de Vreede ◽  
Zeb D. Jonker ◽  
Gerard M. Ribbers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
State Space ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
State Space Model ◽  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
Visuomotor Adaptation ◽  
Movement Variability ◽  
Optimal Learning ◽  
Motor Noise

ABSTRACTIndividual variations in motor adaptation rate were recently shown to correlate with movement variability or “motor noise” in a forcefield adaptation task. However, this finding could not be replicated in a meta-analysis of visuomotor adaptation experiments. Possibly, this inconsistency stems from noise being composed of distinct components which relate to adaptation rate in different ways. Indeed, previous modeling and electrophysiological studies have suggested that motor noise can be factored into planning noise, originating from the brain, and execution noise, stemming from the periphery. Were the motor system optimally tuned to these noise sources, planning noise would correlate positively with adaptation rate and execution noise would correlate negatively with adaptation rate, a phenomenon familiar in Kalman filters. To test this prediction, we performed a visuomotor adaptation experiment in 69 subjects. Using a novel Bayesian fitting procedure, we succeeded in applying the well-established state-space model of adaptation to individual data. We found that adaptation rate correlates positively with planning noise (r=0.27; 95%HDI=[0.05 0.50]) and negatively with execution noise (r=−0.41; 95%HDI=[−0.63 −0.16]). In addition, the steady-state Kalman gain calculated from state and execution noise correlated positively with adaptation rate (r = 0.31; 95%HDI = [0.09 0.54]). These results suggest that motor adaptation is tuned to approximate optimal learning, consistent with the “optimal control” framework that has been used to explain motor control. Since motor adaptation is thought to be a largely cerebellar process, the results further suggest the sensitivity of the cerebellum to both planning noise and execution noise.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOur study shows that the adaptation rate is optimally tuned to planning noise and execution noise across individuals. This suggests that motor adaptation is tuned to approximate optimal learning, consistent with “optimal control” approaches to understanding the motor system. In addition, our results imply sensitivity of the cerebellum to both planning noise and execution noise, an idea not previously considered. Finally, our Bayesian statistical approach represents a powerful, novel method for fitting the well-established state-space models that could have an influence on the methodology of the field.

Canine small bowel motor patterns and contractions are not neurally regulated during enteric nutrient infusion

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (5) ◽  
pp. G912-G922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin E. Behrns ◽  
Michael G. Sarr ◽  
Russell B. Hanson ◽  
Alan R. Zinsmeister
Keyword(s):  
Small Bowel ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Motility Index ◽  
On Line ◽  
Increase Motor Activity ◽  
Extrinsic Innervation ◽  
Nutrient Infusion

The aims of this study were to determine the effects of duodenal and jejunoileal nutrient infusions on small intestinal motor patterns and intestinal contractions in neurally intact and neurally isolated small bowel. Fifteen dogs were prepared with duodenal and jejunal infusion and manometry catheters and a diverting jejunal cannula. Ten of the dogs underwent in situ neural isolation of the jejunoileum. A mixed nutrient meal (0.5 kcal/ml) was infused into the duodenum or jejunum at 3 ml/min for 5 h. Control experiments involved infusion of a balanced salt solution. Manometric data collected on-line to a microcomputer were analyzed for direction, distance, and velocity of spread of single pressure waves (SPW) and clustered contractions. Isolated duodenal and jejunoileal nutrient infusions inhibited the fasting motor pattern in neurally intact and neurally isolated small bowel. Motor activity (motility index) increased slightly during nutrient infusion within groups, but there were few differences between groups. Neither neural isolation nor nutrient infusion had a consistent effect on spread of SPW or migration of clustered contractions. Isolated duodenal and jejunoileal nutrient infusions in the dog inhibit fasting motor patterns and increase motor activity slightly but have little effect on characteristics of individual and clustered contractions. Extrinsic innervation to the jejunoileum or intrinsic neural continuity of the jejunum with the duodenum had little effect on single or grouped contractions. Although the changes in motor activity demonstrated in this study appear small, alterations in intestinal transit and absorption may still occur and may be of importance physiologically.

scholarly journals Book Review: The Power of Play: Designing Early Learning Spaces

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Jenny Foster Stenis
Keyword(s):  
Early Literacy ◽  
Literacy Learning ◽  
Early Learning ◽  
Learning Spaces ◽  
Hands On

The Power of Play: Designing Early Learning Spaces is a discussion of how libraries are reinventing space to offer “play and learn opportunities” (xiii) to families. Predicated on the idea that play and interaction with caregivers enhances literacy learning, this book is designed as a hands-on guide in developing a library plan to implement early literacy play spaces in libraries of all sizes and budgets.

Popularization and Organization of Skipping Classes in Secondary Schools

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
V. Shpet ◽  
Yu. Ovchinnikov ◽  
V. Yakunina
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anaerobic Exercise ◽  
Physical Culture ◽  
Recreational Sports ◽  
State University ◽  
Health Technologies ◽  
Increase Motor Activity

Lessons of physical culture in modern secondary school include not only physical exercises and outdoor games, but also new sports, allowing to develop not only health technologies in a new format, but also health-saving education to make realistic. Students of secondary school № 25 in Sochi with pleasure in physical education lessons master fashionable fitness technology-skipping (jumping rope). Skipping rope as a sports attribute was known and loved by children of the Soviet era to increase motor activity in different amplitudes of movement, but then forgotten. Skipping rope allows you to develop coordination, develops endurance, helps to correct posture, develops flexibility of the body, it is also an excellent anaerobic exercise in order not to suffer from obesity. Research has shown that skipping is interesting for children of different ages in secondary schools, but is not popularized and promoted as a recreational, sports discipline that allows you to participate in competitions. Students of the Kuban State University of physical culture sports and tourism not only in the training processes themselves use skipping exercises, but also in the direction of biomechanics in design technologies promote skipping as a popular form of motor activity.

scholarly journals An extensive review of tools for manual annotation of documents

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Neves ◽  
Jurica Ševa
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Full Compliance ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
New Information ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Detailed Evaluation ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract Motivation Annotation tools are applied to build training and test corpora, which are essential for the development and evaluation of new natural language processing algorithms. Further, annotation tools are also used to extract new information for a particular use case. However, owing to the high number of existing annotation tools, finding the one that best fits particular needs is a demanding task that requires searching the scientific literature followed by installing and trying various tools. Methods We searched for annotation tools and selected a subset of them according to five requirements with which they should comply, such as being Web-based or supporting the definition of a schema. We installed the selected tools (when necessary), carried out hands-on experiments and evaluated them using 26 criteria that covered functional and technical aspects. We defined each criterion on three levels of matches and a score for the final evaluation of the tools. Results We evaluated 78 tools and selected the following 15 for a detailed evaluation: BioQRator, brat, Catma, Djangology, ezTag, FLAT, LightTag, MAT, MyMiner, PDFAnno, prodigy, tagtog, TextAE, WAT-SL and WebAnno. Full compliance with our 26 criteria ranged from only 9 up to 20 criteria, which demonstrated that some tools are comprehensive and mature enough to be used on most annotation projects. The highest score of 0.81 was obtained by WebAnno (of a maximum value of 1.0).

scholarly journals Perturbation of the motor system in freely walking cockroaches. II. The timing of motor activity in leg muscles after amputation of a middle leg

1991 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
pp. 503-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Delcomyn
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Slow Walking ◽  
Timing Effects ◽  
Timing Phase

1. The effects of amputation of a middle leg on the motor pattern in the legs of freely walking cockroaches (Periplaneta americana L.) were studied. 2. The general effects of amputating a middle leg are similar to those arising from amputation of a rear leg. These effects are: multiple bursting, more variable and inconsistent timing (phase) between bursts and a tendency for timing effects to appear only during relatively slow walking. 3. The phase of bursts in the amputated stump relative to bursts in the leg in front of it was speed-dependent. However, the phase of stump bursts relative to bursts in the legs across from and behind the stump were not especially dependent on the speed of walking. In general, the phases of bursts in most leg pairs seemed relatively little affected by the amputation except for an increase in scatter. 4. It is concluded that loss of a middle leg disrupts the motor pattern less severely than does loss of a rear leg. The implications of this and other results for the understanding of motor control are discussed.

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