scholarly journals Reward encourages reactive, goal-directed suppression of attention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Pearson ◽  
Mike Le Pelley
Keyword(s):  
Search Task ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Negative Response ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Reward Delivery ◽  
High Reward ◽  
Suppression Process ◽  
Reactive Mechanism

Stimuli that signal large reward are more likely to capture attention and gaze than stimuli that signal lesser or no reward, even when capture counterproductively prevents reward delivery. This suggests that a stimulus’s signalling relationship with reward (the contingency between stimulus presentation and reward delivery) is a potent influence on selective attention. Recent studies have also implicated a stimulus’s response relationship with reward (the reward-related consequences of attending to a stimulus) in reducing capture by signals of reward. Here we show that this response pathway modulates capture by encouraging a reactive, goal-directed distractor suppression process. In a rewarded visual search task, participants demonstrated an oculomotor preference away from a distractor that had a negative response relationship with high reward (looking at the distractor caused reward to be cancelled) and towards a distractor that had no such negative response relationship, providing evidence for the role of the response relationship in suppressing capture by reward-related distractors. Analysis of the temporal dynamics of eye-movements suggests that this distractor suppression process operates via a reactive mechanism of rapid disengagement (Experiment 1). Consistent with a goal-directed mechanism, the influence of the response relationship was eliminated when reward was unavailable (Experiment 2). These findings highlight the multifaceted role of learned stimulus-reward relationships in attentional selection.

scholarly journals Learning to avoid looking: Competing influences of reward on overt attentional selection

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 998-1005
Author(s):  
Daniel Pearson ◽  
Mike E. Le Pelley
Keyword(s):  
Search Task ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Attentional Selection ◽  
Negative Response ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Signal Value ◽  
Reward Delivery ◽  
High Reward ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Pairing a stimulus with large reward increases the likelihood that it will capture attention and eye-gaze, even when such capture has negative consequences. This suggests that a stimulus’s signalling relationship with reward (the co-occurrence of that stimulus and reward) has a powerful influence on attentional selection. In the present study, we demonstrate that a stimulus’s response relationship with reward (the reward-related consequences of attending to that stimulus) can also exert an independent, competing influence on selection. Participants completed a visual search task in which they made a saccade to a target shape to earn reward. The colour of a distractor signalled the magnitude of reward available on each trial. For one group of participants, there was a negative response relationship between making a saccade to the distractor and reward delivery: looking at the distractor caused the reward to be cancelled. For a second group, there was no negative response relationship, but an equivalent distractor–reward signalling relationship was maintained via a yoking procedure. Participants from both groups were more likely to have their gaze captured by the distractor that signalled high reward versus low reward, demonstrating an influence of the signalling relationship on attention. However, participants who experienced a negative response relationship showed a reduced influence of signal value on capture, and specifically less capture by the high-reward distractor. These findings demonstrate that reward can have a multifaceted influence on attentional selection through different, learned stimulus-reward relationships, and thus that the relationship between reward and attention is more complex than previously thought.

scholarly journals Corticostriatal control of defense behavior in mice induced by auditory looming cues

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong Li ◽  
Jin-Xing Wei ◽  
Guang-Wei Zhang ◽  
Junxiang J. Huang ◽  
Brian Zingg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Defense Behavior ◽  
Innate Defense ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Corticostriatal Projections ◽  
Behavioral Transition ◽  
Auditory Looming

AbstractAnimals exhibit innate defense behaviors in response to approaching threats cued by the dynamics of sensory inputs of various modalities. The underlying neural circuits have been mostly studied in the visual system, but remain unclear for other modalities. Here, by utilizing sounds with increasing (vs. decreasing) loudness to mimic looming (vs. receding) objects, we find that looming sounds elicit stereotypical sequential defensive reactions: freezing followed by flight. Both behaviors require the activity of auditory cortex, in particular the sustained type of responses, but are differentially mediated by corticostriatal projections primarily innervating D2 neurons in the tail of the striatum and corticocollicular projections to the superior colliculus, respectively. The behavioral transition from freezing to flight can be attributed to the differential temporal dynamics of the striatal and collicular neurons in their responses to looming sound stimuli. Our results reveal an essential role of the striatum in the innate defense control.

scholarly journals Automaticity and Reestablishment of Executive Control—An fMRI Study

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 1331-1342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Kübler ◽  
Veronica Dixon ◽  
Hugh Garavan
Keyword(s):  
Executive Control ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Visual Search Task ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Automatic Behavior ◽  
Automatic Response ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

The ability to exert control over automatic behavior is of particular importance as it allows us to interrupt our behavior when the automatic response is no longer adequate or even dangerous. However, despite the literature that exists on the effects of practice on brain activation, little is known about the neuroanatomy involved in reestablishing executive control over previously automatized behavior. We present a visual search task that enabled participants to automatize according to defined criteria within about 3 hr of practice and then required them to reassert control without changing the stimulus set. We found widespread cortical activation early in practice. Activation in all frontal areas and in the inferior parietal lobule decreased significantly with practice. Only selected prefrontal (Brodmann's areas [BAs] 9/46/8) and parietal areas (BAs 39/40) were specifically reactivated when executive control was required, underlining the crucial role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in executive control to guide our behavior.

The role of short-term weather conditions in temporal dynamics of fire regime features in mainland Spain

2019 ◽  
Vol 241 ◽  
pp. 575-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrián Jiménez-Ruano ◽  
Marcos Rodrigues Mimbrero ◽  
W. Matt Jolly ◽  
Juan de la Riva Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Fire Regime ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Short Term

THE ROLE OF PLANS IN THE FORMATION OF A NEW INNOVATION PRACTICE: AN INNOVATION OBJECT PERSPECTIVE

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (04) ◽  
pp. 1950031
Author(s):  
SIW M. FOSSTENLØKKEN
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Innovation Theory ◽  
Object Theory ◽  
Primary Object ◽  
Practice Development ◽  
Future Practice

This paper explores the role of plans, as objects, in the formation of new innovation practice in organisations. A vocabulary for analysis is developed from innovation object theory. First, findings from an ethnographic study in a hospital organisation show that a plan serves several functions depending on its activation for use: a checklist of past practice (tertiary object), an opener for debates over current practice (secondary object) and a trigger for future practice development (primary object). Second, a framework is offered that shows how a plan supports different functionalities (evaluating, debating, further exploring) in a temporal dynamics of practice formation. Third, thus, plans play a significant role not only in planning activities, but also as connectors that shape and patch together pieces of past, present and future into what actually become new organisational practice. Finally, implications for innovation theory and management are drawn from these novel contributions.

scholarly journals Interacting roles of lateral and medial Orbitofrontal cortex in decision-making and learning : A system-level computational model

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhargav Teja Nallapu ◽  
Frédéric Alexandre
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
System Level ◽  
Interacting Networks ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Experimental Findings

AbstractIn the context of flexible and adaptive animal behavior, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is found to be one of the crucial regions in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) influencing the downstream processes of decision-making and learning in the sub-cortical regions. Although OFC has been implicated to be important in a variety of related behavioral processes, the exact mechanisms are unclear, through which the OFC encodes or processes information related to decision-making and learning. Here, we propose a systems-level view of the OFC, positioning it at the nexus of sub-cortical systems and other prefrontal regions. Particularly we focus on one of the most recent implications of neuroscientific evidences regarding the OFC - possible functional dissociation between two of its sub-regions : lateral and medial. We present a system-level computational model of decision-making and learning involving the two sub-regions taking into account their individual roles as commonly implicated in neuroscientific studies. We emphasize on the role of the interactions between the sub-regions within the OFC as well as the role of other sub-cortical structures which form a network with them. We leverage well-known computational architecture of thalamo-cortical basal ganglia loops, accounting for recent experimental findings on monkeys with lateral and medial OFC lesions, performing a 3-arm bandit task. First we replicate the seemingly dissociate effects of lesions to lateral and medial OFC during decision-making as a function of value-difference of the presented options. Further we demonstrate and argue that such an effect is not necessarily due to the dissociate roles of both the subregions, but rather a result of complex temporal dynamics between the interacting networks in which they are involved.Author summaryWe first highlight the role of the Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC) in value-based decision making and goal-directed behavior in primates. We establish the position of OFC at the intersection of cortical mechanisms and thalamo-basal ganglial circuits. In order to understand possible mechanisms through which the OFC exerts emotional control over behavior, among several other possibilities, we consider the case of dissociate roles of two of its topographical subregions - lateral and medial parts of OFC. We gather predominant roles of each of these sub-regions as suggested by numerous experimental evidences in the form of a system-level computational model that is based on existing neuronal architectures. We argue that besides possible dissociation, there could be possible interaction of these sub-regions within themselves and through other sub-cortical structures, in distinct mechanisms of choice and learning. The computational framework described accounts for experimental data and can be extended to more comprehensive detail of representations required to understand the processes of decision-making, learning and the role of OFC and subsequently the regions of prefrontal cortex in general.

scholarly journals Testing Whether Suicide Capability Has a Dynamic Propensity: The Role of Affect and Arousal on Momentary Fluctuations in Suicide Capability

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyne C. Law ◽  
Michael D. Anestis
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Core Components ◽  
Main Effects

To prevent suicidal behaviors, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms and processes that enable an individual to act on suicidal thoughts. Suicide capability, which involves an increased pain tolerance and fearlessness of death, is a critical factor that enables an individual to endure the physical pain necessary to make a lethal suicide attempt. Extant research has largely conceptualized suicide capability as developing linearly in response to painful and provocative experiences, but the emerging literature on the temporal dynamics of suicide has been challenging the notion of linearity in suicide risk. Few studies have directly measured and compared changes in suicide capability in response to rumination on different affective states. We sought to experimentally test if rumination in the context of low vs. high arousal emotions will prompt distinct changes in two core components of suicide capability: pain tolerance and fearlessness of death on two undergraduate student samples. In both studies, participants provided measures of subjective emotional state as well as pain threshold, tolerance, and persistence before and after completing experimental manipulations which included both emotion and rumination induction procedures. In the second study, measures of fearlessness about death and physiological arousal (heart rate) were added to the experimental procedures. We found significant decreases in pain threshold, tolerance, and persistence following the experimental manipulations but found no main effects of rumination or suicide risk. These findings suggest that suicide capability can fluctuate but these changes may occur through a different mechanism and/or differ between individuals at varying levels of suicide risk.

scholarly journals Social Smartphone Apps Do Not Capture Attention Despite Their Perceived High Reward Value

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niklas Johannes ◽  
Jonas Dora ◽  
Dorottya Rusz
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Social Reward ◽  
Smartphone Apps ◽  
Distraction Effect ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
High Reward ◽  
Reward Value ◽  
Search Speed ◽  
Social Rewards

Smartphones have been shown to distract people from their main tasks (e.g., studying, working), but the psychological mechanisms underlying these distractions are not clear yet. In the current study, we tested whether the distracting nature of smartphones stems from their high associated (social) reward value. Participants (N = 117) performed a visual search task while they were distracted by (a) high social reward cues (e.g., Facebook app icon + notification sign), (b) low social reward cues (e.g., Facebook app icon), and (c) no social reward cues (e.g., Weather app icon). We further expected that the distraction effect would be more pronounced for participants who had been deprived of using their phone. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that smartphone cues that were presumably associated with high (vs. low or no) social rewards did not impair visual search speed. Surprisingly, deprived participants were faster than non-deprived participants. These results indicate that mere smartphone app icons are not necessarily associated with rewards. However, the absence of a smartphone may increase motivation which again may boost performance.

scholarly journals Neuronal pattern separation of motion-relevant input in LIP activity

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 738-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nareg Berberian ◽  
Amanda MacPherson ◽  
Eloïse Giraud ◽  
Lydia Richardson ◽  
J.-P. Thivierge
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Population Model ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Pattern Separation ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Sensory Discrimination

In various regions of the brain, neurons discriminate sensory stimuli by decreasing the similarity between ambiguous input patterns. Here, we examine whether this process of pattern separation may drive the rapid discrimination of visual motion stimuli in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP). Starting with a simple mean-rate population model that captures neuronal activity in LIP, we show that overlapping input patterns can be reformatted dynamically to give rise to separated patterns of neuronal activity. The population model predicts that a key ingredient of pattern separation is the presence of heterogeneity in the response of individual units. Furthermore, the model proposes that pattern separation relies on heterogeneity in the temporal dynamics of neural activity and not merely in the mean firing rates of individual neurons over time. We confirm these predictions in recordings of macaque LIP neurons and show that the accuracy of pattern separation is a strong predictor of behavioral performance. Overall, results propose that LIP relies on neuronal pattern separation to facilitate decision-relevant discrimination of sensory stimuli. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A new hypothesis is proposed on the role of the lateral intraparietal (LIP) region of cortex during rapid decision making. This hypothesis suggests that LIP alters the representation of ambiguous inputs to reduce their overlap, thus improving sensory discrimination. A combination of computational modeling, theoretical analysis, and electrophysiological data shows that the pattern separation hypothesis links neural activity to behavior and offers novel predictions on the role of LIP during sensory discrimination.

The role of cows on OVOC exchanges of a pasture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Heinesch ◽  
Colin Michel ◽  
Crist Amelynck ◽  
Niels Schoon ◽  
Ahsan Mozaffar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Turbulent Flux ◽  
Flux Footprint ◽  
Leaf Injury ◽  
Footprint Model ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Emission Models ◽  
Different Sources

<p>The presence of cows on a pasture considerably modifies exchanges of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). By regulating the biomass present, they can have an impact on the constitutive flux (exchanges from soil and grass that are not induced by leaf wounding or trampling by cows) but they can also cause direct emissions from exhalation and indirect emissions by leaf injury (grazing), trampling and wastes. In this study conducted on the ICOS pasture site of Dorinne (Belgium), we disentangled these different sources/sinks for three oxygenated BVOCs commonly exchanged on grasslands (methanol, acetaldehyde and acetone), using a combination of turbulent flux measurements, enclosure flux measurements, tools to detect the presence and activity of cows in the footprint of the turbulent flux measurements and a flux footprint model. Direct exhalation emissions were low, representing only 2.3% and 10% of the spring total flux of methanol and acetone respectively. Comparison of grazed and non-grazed enclosures pointed out that emissions following leaf wounding were significant for all studied BVOCs, decreased exponentially with time to become negligible after maximum five days. Cow indirect emissions at the pasture scale (turbulent flux measurements) where likely dominated by grazing and were shown to be a major component of the total diurnal flux for each of the three studied BVOCs. Comparison with a hay meadow also showed that the temporal dynamics of those BVOC emissions were very different according to the grass management type, calling for specific parametrization in up-scaling emission models.</p>

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