scholarly journals A meta-analysis of the P3 amplitude in tasks requiring deception in legal and social contexts

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Leue ◽  
André Beauducel
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Mental Effort ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
P3 Amplitude ◽  
Legal Contexts

In deception tasks the parietal P3 amplitude of the event-related potential indicates either recognition of salient stimuli (larger P3 following salient information) or mental effort (negative or smaller P3 following demanding information). This meta-analysis (k = 77) investigated both cognitive processes by means of conceptual and methodological a-priori moderators (study design, pre-task scenario, context of deception tasks, and P3 quantification). Within-subjects designs show evidence of the underlying cognitive processes, between-subjects designs allow for comparisons of cognitive processes in culprits vs. innocents. Deception in legal contexts results in almost twice as large population effect sizes (delta) than deception in social contexts. Deception in legal contexts supports the salience hypothesis (largest delta), deception in social contexts suggests a combination of salience recognition and mental effort (smaller delta), and active lying requires more mental effort (negative delta). Counter-measure techniques in 3-stimulus protocols reduce the discriminability of concealed vs. truthful P3 amplitudes.

Reaction Time and Brain Waves in Omitted Stimulus Tasks

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar H. Hernández ◽  
Muriel Vogel-Sprott
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Cognitive Component ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Somatosensory Stimuli

A missing stimulus task requires an immediate response to the omission of a regular recurrent stimulus. The task evokes a subclass of event-related potential known as omitted stimulus potential (OSP), which reflects some cognitive processes such as expectancy. The behavioral response to a missing stimulus is referred to as omitted stimulus reaction time (RT). This total RT measure is known to include cognitive and motor components. The cognitive component (premotor RT) is measured by the time from the missing stimulus until the onset of motor action. The motor RT component is measured by the time from the onset of muscle action until the completion of the response. Previous research showed that RT is faster to auditory than to visual stimuli, and that the premotor of RT to a missing auditory stimulus is correlated with the duration of an OSP. Although this observation suggests that similar cognitive processes might underlie these two measures, no research has tested this possibility. If similar cognitive processes are involved in the premotor RT and OSP duration, these two measures should be correlated in visual and somatosensory modalities, and the premotor RT to missing auditory stimuli should be fastest. This hypothesis was tested in 17 young male volunteers who performed a missing stimulus task, who were presented with trains of auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli and the OSP and RT measures were recorded. The results showed that premotor RT and OSP duration were consistently related, and that both measures were shorter with respect to auditory stimuli than to visual or somatosensory stimuli. This provides the first evidence that the premotor RT is related to an attribute of the OSP in all three sensory modalities.

Replication of the Superstition and Performance Study by

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Calin-Jageman ◽  
Tracy L. Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
And Performance

A recent series of experiments suggests that fostering superstitions can substantially improve performance on a variety of motor and cognitive tasks ( Damisch, Stoberock, & Mussweiler, 2010 ). We conducted two high-powered and precise replications of one of these experiments, examining if telling participants they had a lucky golf ball could improve their performance on a 10-shot golf task relative to controls. We found that the effect of superstition on performance is elusive: Participants told they had a lucky ball performed almost identically to controls. Our failure to replicate the target study was not due to lack of impact, lack of statistical power, differences in task difficulty, nor differences in participant belief in luck. A meta-analysis indicates significant heterogeneity in the effect of superstition on performance. This could be due to an unknown moderator, but no effect was observed among the studies with the strongest research designs (e.g., high power, a priori sampling plan).

Web-based Tools for Drug Repurposing: Successful Examples of Collaborative Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-195
Author(s):  
Quentin Vanhaelen
Keyword(s):  
User Interfaces ◽  
Collaborative Research ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Computational Tools ◽  
Web Based

: Computational approaches have been proven to be complementary tools of interest in identifying potential candidates for drug repurposing. However, although the methods developed so far offer interesting opportunities and could contribute to solving issues faced by the pharmaceutical sector, they also come with their constraints. Indeed, specific challenges ranging from data access, standardization and integration to the implementation of reliable and coherent validation methods must be addressed to allow systematic use at a larger scale. In this mini-review, we cover computational tools recently developed for addressing some of these challenges. This includes specific databases providing accessibility to a large set of curated data with standardized annotations, web-based tools integrating flexible user interfaces to perform fast computational repurposing experiments and standardized datasets specifically annotated and balanced for validating new computational drug repurposing methods. Interestingly, these new databases combined with the increasing number of information about the outcomes of drug repurposing studies can be used to perform a meta-analysis to identify key properties associated with successful drug repurposing cases. This information could further be used to design estimation methods to compute a priori assessment of the repurposing possibilities.

scholarly journals P34 Characteristics, diagnosis and management of Cushing’s disease - A systematic review and meta-analysis

BJS Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chan Hee Koh ◽  
Danyal Z Khan ◽  
Ronneil Digpal ◽  
Hugo Layard Horsfall ◽  
Hani J Marcus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Cushing’S Disease ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Pituitary Surgery ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Cushing's Disease ◽  
Diagnosis And Management ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Introduction The clinical practice and research in the diagnosis and management of Cushing’s disease remains heterogeneous and challenging to this day. We sought to establish the characteristics of Cushing’s disease, and the trends in diagnosis, management and reporting in this field. Methods Searches of PubMed and Embase were conducted. Study protocol was registered a-priori. Random-effects analyses were conducted to establish numerical estimates. Results Our screening returned 159 papers. The average age of adult patients with Cushing’s disease was 39.3, and 13.6 for children. The male:female ratio was 1:3. 8% of patients had undergone previous transsphenoidal resection. The ratio of macroadenomas: microadenomas:imaging-undetectable adenomas was 18:53:29. The most commonly reported preoperative biochemical investigations were serum cortisol (average 26.4µg/dL) and ACTH (77.5pg/dL). Postoperative cortisol was most frequently used to define remission (74.8%), most commonly with threshold of 5µg/dL (44.8%). Average remission rates were 77.8% with recurrence rate of 13.9%. Median follow-up was 38 months. Majority of papers reported age (81.9%) and sex (79.4%). Only 56.6% reported whether their patients had previous pituitary surgery. 45.3% reported whether their adenomas were macroadenoma, microadenoma or undetectable. Only 24.1% reported preoperative cortisol, and this did not improve over time. 60.4% reported numerical thresholds for cortisol in defining remission, and this improved significantly over time (p = 0.004). Visual inspection of bubbleplots showed increasing preference for threshold of 5µg/dL. 70.4% reported the length of follow up. Conclusion We quantified the characteristics of Cushing’s disease, and analysed the trends in investigation and reporting. This review may help to inform future efforts in forming guidelines for research and clinical practice.

Necessity, Certainty, and the A Priori

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Casullo
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Mathematical Knowledge ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Theory Of Knowledge ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Unitary Theory ◽  
Knowledge Based

Empiricist theories of knowledge are attractive for they offer the prospect of a unitary theory of knowledge based on relatively well understood physiological and cognitive processes. Mathematical knowledge, however, has been a traditional stumbling block for such theories. There are three primary features of mathematical knowledge which have led epistemologists to the conclusion that it cannot be accommodated within an empiricist framework: 1) mathematical propositions appear to be immune from empirical disconfirmation; 2) mathematical propositions appear to be known with certainty; and 3) mathematical propositions are necessary. Epistemologists who believe that some nonmathematical propositions, such as logical or ethical propositions, cannot be known a posteriori also typically appeal to the three factors cited above in defending their position. The primary purpose of this paper is to examine whether any of these alleged features of mathematical propositions establishes that knowledge of such propositions cannot be a posteriori.

PERFIL DOS USUÁRIOS DE TERAPIA NUTRICIONAL PARENTERAL EM HOSPITAIS NO CENÁRIO BRASILEIRO: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA DE LITERATURA

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. e29688
Author(s):  
Jerônimo Gregório da Silva Neto ◽  
Ana Lourdes dos Reis Silva ◽  
Bruna Rayelle Freitas Lira ◽  
Maria Eduarda Pereira Alves ◽  
Amanda Cristine Ferreira dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Electronic Library ◽  
Nrs 2002

A Terapia Nutricional são procedimentos terapêuticos realizados nos pacientes incapazes de satisfazer adequadamente suas necessidades nutricionais e metabólicas por via oral. Esse conjunto de procedimentos visa à manutenção ou recuperação do paciente em estado nutricional por meio da Nutrição Parenteral (NP) ou Enteral (NE). Investigar o perfil dos pacientes submetidos à Terapia Nutricional Parenteral (TNP) em hospitais brasileiros.  Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática realizada seguindo as recomendações PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis). Realizou-se busca para seleção dos estudos em cinco bases de dados: Literatura Latino-Americana em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Scientific Electronic, Library Online (SciELO) e Medline, usando os descritores de busca: “Terapia Nutricional”, “Nutrição Parenteral” e “Brasil”, por meio dos operadores boleanos “and” e “or”. Os critérios de inclusão foram: artigos originais, relacionados ao tema de interesse desse estudo e publicados nos últimos cinco anos (2015-2020) nos idiomas português e inglês. Por meio da investigação nas bases de dados foram encontrados 57 artigos, desses foram selecionados 43 dos últimos 5 anos, dos quais 2 eram duplicados e 12 não atendiam aos critérios de inclusão estabelecidos à priori, resultando em 14 artigos. Verificou-se risco de desnutrição de acordo com NRS-2002 e alto risco de desnutrição de acordo com 'MUST' aumentaram os custos do paciente, respectivamente, em 21,1% e 28,8%. A terapia nutricional parenteral retrata uma parte importante dos custos no tratamento de indivíduos hospitalizados, principalmente nos casos de cânceres. De acordo com os dados analisados o custo com dieta parenteral foi maior no grupo de óbitos.  

Treatment of Ureteral Stent-Related Symptoms

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Angela Pecoraro ◽  
Dario Peretti ◽  
Zhe Tian ◽  
Roberta Aimar ◽  
Gabriel Niculescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Risk Difference ◽  
Ureteral Stent ◽  
Pde Inhibitors ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Alpha Antagonist

<b><i>Background:</i></b> The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of the main classes of drugs used at reducing morbidity related to ureteric stents. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> After establishing a priori protocol, a systematic electronic literature search was conducted in July 2019. The randomized clinical trials (RCTs) selection proceeded in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and was registered (PROSPERO ID 178130). The risk of bias and the quality assessment of the included RCTs were performed. Ureteral Stent Symptom Questionnaire (USSQ), International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), and quality of life (QoL) were pooled for meta-analysis. Mean difference and risk difference were calculated as appropriate for each outcome to determine the cumulative effect size. Fourteen RCTs were included in the analysis accounting for 2,842 patients. Alpha antagonist, antimuscarinic, and phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors significatively reduced all indexes of the USSQ, the IPSS and QoL scores relative to placebo. Conversely, combination therapy (alpha antagonist plus antimuscarinic) showed in all indexes of the USSQ, IPSS, and QoL over alpha antagonist or antimuscarinic alone. On comparison with alpha blockers, PDE inhibitors were found to be equally effective for urinary symptoms, general health, and body pain parameters, but sexual health parameters improved significantly with PDE inhibitors. Finally, antimuscarinic resulted in higher decrease in all indexes of the USSQ, the IPSS, and QoL relative to alpha antagonist. <b><i>Key message:</i></b> Relative to placebo, alpha antagonist alone, antimuscarinics alone, and PDE inhibitors alone have beneficial effect in reducing stent-related symptoms. Furthermore, there are significant advantages of combination therapy compared with monotherapy. Finally, PDE inhibitors are comparable to alpha antagonist, and antimuscarinic seems to be more effective than alpha antagonist alone.

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