Replication of the Superstition and Performance Study by

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Calin-Jageman ◽  
Tracy L. Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
And Performance

A recent series of experiments suggests that fostering superstitions can substantially improve performance on a variety of motor and cognitive tasks ( Damisch, Stoberock, & Mussweiler, 2010 ). We conducted two high-powered and precise replications of one of these experiments, examining if telling participants they had a lucky golf ball could improve their performance on a 10-shot golf task relative to controls. We found that the effect of superstition on performance is elusive: Participants told they had a lucky ball performed almost identically to controls. Our failure to replicate the target study was not due to lack of impact, lack of statistical power, differences in task difficulty, nor differences in participant belief in luck. A meta-analysis indicates significant heterogeneity in the effect of superstition on performance. This could be due to an unknown moderator, but no effect was observed among the studies with the strongest research designs (e.g., high power, a priori sampling plan).

scholarly journals Examining the effects of interorganizational learning on performance: a meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 574-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anni Rajala
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Interorganizational Learning ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose Relationship learning is viewed as an important factor in enhancing competitiveness and an important determinant of profitability in relationships. Prior studies have acknowledged the positive effects of interorganizational learning on performance, but the performance measures applied have varied. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between interorganizational learning and different types of performance. The paper also goes beyond direct effects by investigating the moderating effects of different research designs. Design/methodology/approach This paper applies a meta-analytic approach to systematically analyze 21 independent studies (N = 4,618) to reveal the relationship between interorganizational learning and performance. Findings The findings indicate that interorganizational learning is an important predictor of performance, and that the effects of interorganizational learning on performance differ in magnitude under different research conditions. Research limitations/implications The paper focuses on interorganizational learning, and during the data collection, some related topics were excluded from the data search to retain the focus on learning. Practical implications The study evinces the breadth of the field of interorganizational learning and how different research designs affect research results. Moreover, this meta-analysis indicates the need for greater clarity when defining the concepts used in studies and for definitions of the concepts applied in the field of interorganizational learning to be unified. Originality/value This study is the first to meta-analytically synthesize literature on interorganizational learning. It also illuminates new perspectives for future studies within this field.

Comparison of Carbamazepine and Lithium in the Prophylaxis of Bipolar Disorders

1995 ◽  
Vol 166 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Dardennes ◽  
C. Even ◽  
F. Bange ◽  
A. Heim
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Quality Score ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Prophylactic Efficacy ◽  
Statistical Results

BackgroundThis meta-analysis assessed the equipotency of carbamazepine and lithium prophylaxis in bipolar disorder.MethodWe selected only randomised, double-blind, controlled studies comparing carbamazepine with lithium from a manual and computerised search, and subjected them to a quality inventory. Their statistical results were weighted by their quality score and combined. Results. Four studies met our criteria, yielding, overall, P = 0.15. This result is not straightforward because the studies showed significant heterogeneity (P < 0.01).ConclusionDifferences in statistical power and sensitivity of outcome measure explain this heterogeneity and the conflicting results of the studies. Therefore, the prophylactic efficacy of carbamazepine remains questionable.

scholarly journals Effects of high-fidelity simulation based on life-threatening clinical condition scenarios on learning outcomes of undergraduate and postgraduate nursing students: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. e025306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen La Cerra ◽  
Angelo Dante ◽  
Valeria Caponnetto ◽  
Ilaria Franconi ◽  
Elona Gaxhja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Nursing Students ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Clinical Condition ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
And Performance

ObjectiveThe purpose was to analyse the effectiveness of high-fidelity patient simulation (HFPS) based on life-threatening clinical condition scenarios on undergraduate and postgraduate nursing students’ learning outcomes.DesignA systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted based on the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and its reporting was checked against the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist.Data sourcesPubMed, Scopus, CINAHL with Full Text, Wiley Online Library and Web of Science were searched until July 2017. Author contact, reference and citation lists were checked to obtain additional references.Study selectionTo be included, available full-texts had to be published in English, French, Spanish or Italian and (a) involved undergraduate or postgraduate nursing students performing HFPS based on life-threatening clinical condition scenarios, (b) contained control groups not tested on the HFPS before the intervention, (c) contained data measuring learning outcomes such as performance, knowledge, self-confidence, self-efficacy or satisfaction measured just after the simulation session and (d) reported data for meta-analytic synthesis.Review methodThree independent raters screened the retrieved studies using a coding protocol to extract data in accordance with inclusion criteria.Synthesis methodFor each study, outcome data were synthesised using meta-analytic procedures based on random-effect model and computing effect sizes by Cohen’s d with a 95% CI.ResultsThirty-three studies were included. HFPS sessions showed significantly larger effects sizes for knowledge (d=0.49, 95% CI [0.17 to 0.81]) and performance (d=0.50, 95% CI [0.19 to 0.81]) when compared with any other teaching method. Significant heterogeneity among studies was detected.ConclusionsCompared with other teaching methods, HFPS revealed higher effects sizes on nursing students’ knowledge and performance. Further studies are required to explore its effectiveness in improving nursing students’ competence and patient outcomes.

Caudal analgesia versus abdominal wall blocks for pediatric genitourinary surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 924-933
Author(s):  
Neel Desai ◽  
Edmund Chan ◽  
Kariem El-Boghdadly ◽  
Eric Albrecht
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Wall ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Transversus Abdominis ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Tap Block ◽  
Rescue Analgesia ◽  
Perioperative Analgesia ◽  
Caudal Analgesia ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Quality Evidence

BackgroundCaudal block is a well-established technique for providing perioperative analgesia in pediatric genitourinary surgery, but abdominal wall blocks such as ilioinguinal–iliohypogastric (II-IH) and transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block are increasingly being used.MethodsOur protocol for this meta-analysis was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020163497). Central, CINAHL, Embase, Global Health, LILACS, MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science were searched from inception to 11 December 2019 for randomized controlled trials that included pediatric patients having genitourinary surgery with II-IH or TAP block as the intervention and caudal analgesia as the comparator. For continuous and dichotomous outcomes, respectively, we calculated the mean difference using the inverse-variance method and the risk ratio with the Mantel-Haenzel method.ResultsIn all, 23 trials with 1399 patients were included. II-IH and TAP block were similar to caudal analgesia in the coprimary outcomes of the postoperative pain score at 0–2 hours (high-quality evidence) and the need for in-hospital rescue analgesia (moderate-quality evidence consequent to downgrading by publication bias). No subgroup differences in regard to the type of abdominal wall block or the method of block localization were demonstrated for these primary outcomes. Relative to caudal analgesia, II-IH and TAP block reduced the incidence of postoperative motor blockade and the time to micturition.ConclusionsThis meta-analysis was limited by unclear risk of selection and performance biases and significant heterogeneity. In summary, II-IH and TAP block are a non-invasive and reasonable alternative to caudal analgesia in pediatric genitourinary surgery.

scholarly journals Liver Stiffness, Albuminuria and Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with NAFLD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Biomolecules ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Stefano Ciardullo ◽  
Cinzia Ballabeni ◽  
Roberto Trevisan ◽  
Gianluca Perseghin
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Transient Elastography ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Liver Stiffness ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk

An association between liver stiffness, a surrogate measure of liver fibrosis, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been proposed. However, most studies were small and had low statistical power. We systematically searched PubMed-MEDLINE and Scopus from inception to August 2021 for cross-sectional or cohort studies reporting the association between liver stiffness diagnosed by vibration controlled transient elastography (VCTE) and renal dysfunction. The primary outcome was CKD, defined as a composite of urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) ≥ 30 mg/g and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Measures of association from individual studies were meta-analyzed using random effects models. Of the 526 titles initially scrutinized, 7 cross-sectional studies fulfilled the criteria and were included. For CKD, risk was higher in patients with liver fibrosis assessed by VCTE, compared with patients without (n = 5 studies: OR 2.49, 95% CI 1.89–3.29; test for overall effect z = 6.475, p < 0.001). When increased UACR was considered as an outcome, elevated liver stiffness was associated with a significantly increased risk as well (n = 3 studies: OR 1. 98 95% CI 1.29–3.05; test for overall effect z = 3.113, p = 0.002). Neither analysis showed significant heterogeneity (I2 = 0% and I2 = 46.5%, respectively for the two outcomes). This meta-analysis indicates that elevated liver stiffness is associated with increased odds of kidney outcomes among patients with NAFLD. Wider use of VCTE to screen for advanced fibrosis might help identify patients at risk of end-stage renal disease.

scholarly journals Sildenafil does not reliably improve exercise performance in hypoxia: a systematic review

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. e000526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Alexander Carter ◽  
Keith Lohse ◽  
William Sheel ◽  
Michael Koehle
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Randomised Trials ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Pulmonary Vasodilator ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Improve Exercise Performance ◽  
Moderate Effect ◽  
And Performance

ObjectiveSildenafil is a pulmonary vasodilator that may reduce the decrement in endurance performance in moderate hypoxia. We assessed the efficacy of sildenafil to improve performance in hypoxia.Data sources/eligibility CriteriaWe systematically searched electronic databases (until August 2018) for randomised trials comparing sildenafil with placebo. We also examined the effect of sildenafil on pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), cardiac output (CO) and pulse oxygen saturation (SPO2) compared with placebo in hypoxia. Fourteen studies were included; 210 subjects received sildenafil 40, 50 or 100 mg/day.ResultsSildenafil showed a large effect for decreasing PAP during exercise and at rest, a small effect for increasing CO during exercise and a moderate effect at rest, a moderate effect for increasing SPO2and a small effect for improving performance. In a subgroup analysis, there was no statistically significant difference between 100 and 50 mg sildenafil dose on SPO2. Sildenafil had a moderate effect on increasing SPO2and performance at terrestrial hypobaric altitude but only a small effect on both in normobaric hypoxia. Regression analysis showed that hypoxic dose (PO2) and metabolic rate do not account for a significant portion of the variance in effect size for sildenafil on PAP, CO, SPO2and performance.ConclusionThis meta-analysis indicates that sildenafil reduces PAP, has a moderate to small effect on CO and SPO2, and no effect on performance.

Drug-eluting stents in patients at high risk of restenosis: Assessment for France

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Schapiro-Dufour ◽  
Michel Cucherat ◽  
Elodie Velzenberger ◽  
Hubert Galmiche ◽  
Catherine Denis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Power ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Bare Metal Stents ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Target Lesion ◽  
Drug Eluting Stents ◽  
Metal Stents ◽  
Patient Category ◽  
Drug Eluting

Background: In unselected patients, the incidence of restenosis is lower after placement of drug-eluting stents (DES) than bare-metal stents (BMS) without difference in safety at a time horizon of 4 years. However, DES appears less effective in “off label” patients.Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess available evidence of DES efficacy and safety by patient category to establish when DES placement may be recommended for reimbursement by the French national health insurance.Methods: Based on a systematic review by patient category (January 2002 to August 2009), two health technology assessment (HTA) reports and thirty-eight clinical studies not covered by the HTA reports (eleven meta-analysis including ours, eleven randomized trials and sixteen cohort studies) were selected. After assessment of the methodological quality, the studies mostly comparing DES with BMS were reviewed by a panel of health professionals who defined a priori the most relevant end points of safety and efficacy.Results: Seven to fourteen patients treated with DES were needed to avoid one target lesion revascularization (TLR) in patients with lesions >15 mm long, vessel diameter <3 mm, or diabetes, and with some complex lesions (total coronary occlusion, BMS in-stent restenosis multivessel disease, unprotected left main stenosis). DES appeared as safe as other alternatives over a follow-up of up to 4 years when dual antiplatelet therapy was continued for at least 1 year, but statistical power remains limited to conclude for some clinical features.Conclusions: For reimbursement, DES use should be limited to certain categories of patients. Treatment of particular cases requires a multidisciplinary approach.

scholarly journals A Registered Report of Error-Related Negativity and Reward Positivity as Biomarkers of Depression: P-Curving the Evidence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter E Clayson ◽  
Kaylie Amanda Carbine ◽  
Michael J. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Power ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Selective Reporting ◽  
Evidential Value ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Reward Positivity ◽  
Size Heterogeneity

Performance-monitoring event-related brain potentials (ERPs), such as the error-related negativity (ERN) and reward positivity (RewP), are advocated as biomarkers of depression symptoms and risk. However, a recent meta-analysis indicated effect size heterogeneity in the ERN and RewP literatures. Hence, advocating these ERPs as biomarkers of depression might be premature or possibly misguided due to the selective reporting of significant analyses on the part of researchers (e.g., p-hacking or omission of non-significant findings). The present study quantified the degree of selective reporting and the evidential value for a true relationship between depression and ERN and RewP using a p-curve analysis. We predicted that the ERN and RewP literatures would fail to show evidential value for a relationship between each ERP and depression. Contrary to expectations, both literatures showed evidential value, albeit weak. The statistical power of the included ERN studies was between 20% and 25%, and the statistical power of the RewP was around 27%. Taken together, these findings provide support for a relationship between these ERPs and depression, which strengthens claims that these ERPs represent candidate biomarkers of depression symptoms and risk. In light of the evidence for these relationships being weak, some recommendations moving forward include conducting a priori power analyses, increasing sample sizes to improve statistical power, assessing the internal consistency of ERP scores, and carefully planning statistical approaches to maximize power.

scholarly journals The influence of gender and ethnicity on facemasks and respiratory protective equipment fit: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. e005537
Author(s):  
Jagrati Chopra ◽  
Nkemjika Abiakam ◽  
Hansung Kim ◽  
Cheryl Metcalf ◽  
Peter Worsley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
A Priori ◽  
White Male ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Anthropometric Data ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Gender Based

IntroductionBlack, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) people are disproportionately affected by COVID-19. Respiratory protective equipment (RPE) has conventionally been developed for a predominantly white male population that does not represent the healthcare workforce. The literature was reviewed to determine the protection offered to female and BAME users.MethodsFive databases were searched. Eligible studies related to respirator fit in the context of anthropometrics, gender and ethnicity. Meta-analysis was performed for gender-based anthropometric differences. A priori protocol registration was not performed.Results32 studies were included and anthropometric data was extracted from 15 studies. Meta-analysis revealed 14 anthropometric measurements were significantly smaller for females. Mean differences ranged from 0.37 mm to 22.05 mm. Gender-based anthropometric differences did not always translate to lower fit factor scores, with 12 studies reporting worse performance and fit for females and 10 reporting no gender effect. No studies provided disaggregate anthropometric data by ethnic group. Pass rates (PR) were low or moderate in 12 BAME or mixed-ethnicity cohorts. 14 studies reported associations between facial dimensions (FD) and respirator fit. Three comparative studies showed lower PR among selective BAME people. 18 studies reported RPE performance differed with model and design. Most studies did not prespecify inclusion/exclusion criteria. Small sample size and lack of justification or power calculations was a concern. Significant heterogeneity in study designs limited comparisons, particularly relating to respirator selection or availability and defining study outcomes relating to RPE performance.ConclusionThe literature reports on largely Caucasian or single ethnic populations, and BAME people remain under-represented, limiting comparisons between ethnic groups. Facial anthropometrics vary between gender and likely between ethnicity, which may contribute to lower PR among females and ethnic minorities, particularly Asians. There is a need for studies including a broader spectrum of ethnicities and for consideration of female and BAME users during RPE development.

INNOVATION, FIRM PERFORMANCE, AND APPROPRIATION: A META-ANALYSIS

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (03) ◽  
pp. 1650033 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARY BETH ROUSSEAU ◽  
BLAKE D. MATHIAS ◽  
LAURA T. MADDEN ◽  
T. RUSSELL CROOK
Keyword(s):  
Small Firms ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Innovation Research ◽  
Product And Process Innovation ◽  
Product And Process ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Gains

Although innovation is considered the lifeblood of many organisations, firms are often challenged to derive the anticipated performance benefits of innovation. Research on the performance outcomes of innovation is similarly beset with mixed results and ambiguity. Through a meta-analysis of 62 studies over 20 years, this paper confirms a strong linkage between innovation and performance and reveals several contingencies. First, we find that inconsistency across performance outcomes is driven in part by stakeholder appropriation. Second, we find that hypercompetition is persistent over time and across industries. Finally, our aggregation of the evidence shows the integration of product and process innovation yields stronger performance gains than product innovation alone, and large firms reap greater performance benefits from innovation than small firms do. We build on these findings to bring focus to areas in which managers may improve performance gains from innovation, and highlight additional areas that can be informed by future research.

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