Threat Effects on Cognitive Systems: Testing Links to Aggression Proneness

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.31234/osf.io/whbfx ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Edelyn Verona ◽

Julia Blayne McDonald ◽

Melanie Bozzay

Keyword(s):

Executive Control ◽

Process Model ◽

Flanker Task ◽

Event Related Potential ◽

Cognitive Systems ◽

Attentional Processes ◽

Behavioral Indices ◽

Increase Risk ◽

And Performance ◽

Cognitive Alterations

The biobehavioral study of aggression has implications for expanding our understanding of transdiagnostic processes that increase risk for disinhibited behaviors. Towards this end, our study tested the process model of aggression (Verona & Bresin, 2015), examining whether threat-related changes in cognitive functioning are associated with self- and informant-reports of aggressive actions. Using event-related potential (ERP) measures of cognitive-attentional processes, 143 community participants were administered well-validated and translational laboratory manipulations of threat (NPU task; Schmitz & Grillon, 2012) and cognitive systems activation (Posner et al., 1980). Results confirmed the differential effects of threat predictability on ERP and behavioral indices of attentional alerting and executive control. More unpredictable threat enhanced alerting-related quicker responding, whereas more predictable threat interfered with processing of and performance on the flanker task. The results, however, failed to support the process model of aggression regarding threat-related cognitive alterations in aggression. The findings fit with a broader literature on cognitive and behavioral outputs of threat activation and provide fruitful avenues for better understanding threat-related aggression.

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Threat Effects on Attention Networks in Individuals with a History of Externalizing Behaviors

10.31234/osf.io/p9dyj ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Konrad Bresin ◽

Yara Mekawi ◽

Julia Blayne McDonald ◽

Melanie Bozzay ◽

Wendy Heller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Conflict Resolution ◽

Executive Control ◽

Externalizing Behaviors ◽

Brain Activity ◽

Cognitive Systems ◽

Attention Network Test ◽

Attention Networks ◽

History Of ◽

Cognitive Alterations ◽

Subsequent Task

Research identifying the biobehavioral processes that link threat exposure to cognitive alterations can inform treatments designed to reduce perpetration of stress-induced aggression. The present study attempted to specify the effects of relatively predictable (acute) vs unpredictable (diffuse) threat on two theoretically relevant attention networks, attentional alerting and executive control; and to examine the extent to which aggression proneness moderated those effects. In a sample with high rates of externalizing behaviors (n = 74), we measured event-related brain activity during an attention network test that manipulated cognitive systems activation under distinct contexts of threat (NPU manipulation). The first set of results confirmed that threat exposure alters alerting and executive control. The predictable threat condition, relative to unpredictable threat, increased visual alerting (alert cue N1) and decreased attention (P3) to subsequent task-relevant stimuli (flanker). In contrast, overall threat and unpredictable threat conditions were associated with alerting-related quicker responding and poorer conflict resolution (congruence-related flanker N2 reductions and RT interference). The second set of results indicated that different operationalizations of aggression proneness were inconsistently related to threat-related alterations in cognitive systems. While these results regarding threat-related cognitive alterations in aggression require more study, they nevertheless expand what is known about threat-related modulation of cognition in a sample of individuals with histories of externalizing behaviors.

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Individual differences in bilingual experience modulate executive control network and performance: behavioral and structural neuroimaging evidence

Bilingualism Language and Cognition ◽

10.1017/s1366728920000486 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Federico Gallo ◽

Nikolay Novitskiy ◽

Andriy Myachykov ◽

Yury Shtyrov

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Executive Control ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Flanker Task ◽

Continuous Variables ◽

Executive Control Network ◽

Functional Efficiency ◽

Neural Substrate ◽

And Performance

Abstract Dual/multiple language use has been shown to affect cognition and its neural substrate, although the replicability of such findings varies, partially due to neglecting the role of interindividual variability in bilingual experience. To address this, we operationalized the main bilingual experience factors as continuous variables, investigating their effects on executive control performance and neural substrate deploying a Flanker task and structural magnetic resonance imaging. First, higher L2 proficiency predicted better executive performance. Second, neuroimaging results indicated that bilingualism-related neuroplasticity may peak at a certain stage of bilingual experience and eventually revert, possibly following functional specialization. Importantly, experienced bilinguals optimized behavioral performance independently of volumetric variations, suggesting a degree of performance gain even with lower GMV. Hence, the effects of bilingualism on cognition may evolve with experience, with improvements in functional efficiency eventually replacing structural changes. We conclude that individual differences in bilingual experience modulate cognitive and neural consequences of bilingualism.

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Embodying algorithms, enactive artificial intelligence and the extended cognition: You can see as much as you know about algorithm

Journal of Information Science ◽

10.1177/0165551520985495 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 016555152098549

Author(s):

Donghee Shin

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Embodied Cognition ◽

Cognitive Processes ◽

Process Model ◽

Extended Cognition ◽

Dual Process ◽

Personalized Recommendation ◽

Normative Values ◽

And Performance ◽

Concise Guide

The recent proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) gives rise to questions on how users interact with AI services and how algorithms embody the values of users. Despite the surging popularity of AI, how users evaluate algorithms, how people perceive algorithmic decisions, and how they relate to algorithmic functions remain largely unexplored. Invoking the idea of embodied cognition, we characterize core constructs of algorithms that drive the value of embodiment and conceptualizes these factors in reference to trust by examining how they influence the user experience of personalized recommendation algorithms. The findings elucidate the embodied cognitive processes involved in reasoning algorithmic characteristics – fairness, accountability, transparency, and explainability – with regard to their fundamental linkages with trust and ensuing behaviors. Users use a dual-process model, whereby a sense of trust built on a combination of normative values and performance-related qualities of algorithms. Embodied algorithmic characteristics are significantly linked to trust and performance expectancy. Heuristic and systematic processes through embodied cognition provide a concise guide to its conceptualization of AI experiences and interaction. The identified user cognitive processes provide information on a user’s cognitive functioning and patterns of behavior as well as a basis for subsequent metacognitive processes.

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Sound processing in amateur musicians and nonmusicians: event-related potential and behavioral indices

Neuroreport ◽

10.1097/01.wnr.0000230510.55596.8b ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 17 (11) ◽

pp. 1225-1228 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

Mari Tervaniemi ◽

Anu Castaneda ◽

Monja Knoll ◽

Maria Uther

Keyword(s):

Event Related Potential ◽

Sound Processing ◽

Behavioral Indices ◽

Amateur Musicians

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Differential effects of methylphenidate and atomoxetine on attentional processes in children with ADHD: An event-related potential study using the Attention Network Test

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.12.008 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 81-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Oliver Kratz ◽

Petra Studer ◽

Jeska Baack ◽

Susanne Malcherek ◽

Karlheinz Erbe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Event Related Potential ◽

Attention Network Test ◽

Attention Network ◽

Attentional Processes ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Differential Effects ◽

Potential Study

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Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex intrinsic functional connectivity linked to electrocortical measures of error-monitoring

10.1101/2020.10.21.348649 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hayley Gilbertson ◽

Lin Fang ◽

Jeremy A. Andrzejewski ◽

Joshua M. Carlson

Keyword(s):

Functional Connectivity ◽

Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽

Flanker Task ◽

Monitoring Network ◽

Cingulate Cortex ◽

Event Related Potential ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Functional Coupling ◽

Error Monitoring ◽

Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex

AbstractThe error-related negativity (ERN) is a response-locked event-related potential, occurring approximately 50 ms following an erroneous response at frontocentral electrode sites. Source localization and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research indicate that the ERN is likely generated by activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). The dACC is thought to be a part of a broader network of brain regions that collectively comprise an error-monitoring network. However, little is known about how intrinsic connectivity within the dACC-based error-monitoring network contributes to variability in ERN amplitude. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between dACC functional connectivity and ERN amplitude. In a sample of 53 highly trait-anxious individuals, the ERN was elicited in a flanker task and functional connectivity was assessed in a 10-minute resting-state fMRI scan. Results suggest that the strength of dACC seeded functional connectivity with the supplementary motor area is correlated with the ΔERN (i.e., incorrect – correct responses) amplitude such that greater ΔERN amplitude was accompanied by greater functional coupling between these regions. In addition to the dACC, exploratory analyses found that functional connectivity in the caudate, cerebellum, and a number of regions in the error-monitoring network were linked to variability in ΔERN amplitude. In sum, ERN amplitude appears to be related to the strength of functional connectivity between error-monitoring and motor control regions of the brain.

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The neural bases of resilient cognitive systems: Evidence of variable neuro-displacement in the semantic system

10.1101/716266 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

JeYoung Jung ◽

Grace E. Rice ◽

Matthew A. Lambon Ralph

Keyword(s):

Executive Control ◽

Semantic Network ◽

Neural System ◽

Cognitive Systems ◽

Dynamic Changes ◽

Representational System ◽

Control Networks ◽

Domain Specific ◽

Research Goal ◽

Higher Cognitive Functions

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to initiate exploration of an equally-important research goal: what are the neurocomputational mechanisms that make these cognitive systems “well engineered” and thus resilient across a range of performance demands and to mild levels of perturbation or even damage? We achieved this aim by investigating the neural dynamics of the semantic network with two task difficulty manipulations. We found that intrinsic resilience-related mechanisms were observed in both the domain-specific semantic representational system and the parallel executive control networks. Functional connectivity between these regions was also increased and these increases were related to better semantic task performance. Our results suggest that higher cognitive functions are made resilient by flexible, dynamic changes (variable neuro-displacement) across both domain-specific and multi-demand networks. Our findings provide strong evidence that the compensatory functional alterations in the impaired brain might reflect intrinsic mechanisms of a well-engineered neural system.

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Flanker task-elicited Event Related Potential sources reflect human recombinant Erythropoietin differential effects on Parkinson’s patients

10.1101/864397 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Maria L Bringas Vega ◽

Shengnan Liu ◽

Min Zhang ◽

Ivonne Pedroso Ibañez ◽

Lilia M. Morales Chacon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flanker Task ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Event Related Potential ◽

Source Analysis ◽

Random Allocation ◽

Recombinant Erythropoietin ◽

Human Recombinant Erythropoietin ◽

Human Erythropoietin ◽

Eeg Source Analysis ◽

Eeg Recordings

AbstractWe used EEG source analysis to identify which cortical areas were involved in the automatic and controlled processes of inhibitory control on a flanker task and compared the potential efficacy of recombinant-human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) on the performance of Parkinson’ s Disease patients.The samples were 18 medicated PD patients (nine of them received rHuEPO in addition to their usual anti-PD medication through random allocation and the other nine patients were on their regular anti-PD medication only) and 9 age and education-matched healthy controls (HCs) who completed the flanker task with simultaneous EEG recordings. N1 and N2 event-related potential (ERP) components were identified and a low-resolution tomography (LORETA) inverse solution was employed to localize the neural generators.Reaction times and errors were increased for the incongruent flankers for PD patients compared to controls. EEG source analysis identified an effect of rHuEPO on the lingual gyri for the early N1 component. N2-related sources in middle cingulate and precuneus were associated with the inhibition of automatic responses evoked by incongruent stimuli differentiated PD and HCs.From our results rHuEPO, seems to mediate an effect on N1 sources in lingual gyri but not on behavioural performance. N2-related sources in middle cingulate and precuneus evoked by incongruent stimuli differentiated PD and HCs.

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NON FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS (NFRS) TRACEABILITY METAMODEL FOR AGILE DEVELOPMENT

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v77.6191 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 77 (9) ◽

Author(s):

Adila Firdaus ◽

Imran Ghani ◽

Dayang Norhayati Abg Jawawi ◽

Wan Mohd Nasir Wan Kadir

Keyword(s):

Process Model ◽

Full Scale ◽

Agile Development ◽

Functional Requirement ◽

Functional Requirements ◽

Agile Methodologies ◽

And Performance ◽

Requirement Changes ◽

Recall Methods

Agile methodologies are well known for early and frequent releases. Besides, these methodologies also handle requirement changes well without causing delays. However, it has been noticed that the functional requirements changes can affect the non-functional requirements (NFRs) such as security and performance. It is also possible that the agile team is not even aware of these effects causing dysfunctional system. This issue could be addressed by offering traceability mechanism that helps to trace the effect of functional requirement changes on the non-functional requirements. Unfortunately, a few researchers have conducted studies regarding this issue. Thus, this study attempts to present a Traceability Process Model (TPM) to tackle the issue of tracing NFR especially security and performance. However, to materialize a full scale TPM, a metamodel is necessary. Therefore in this paper, we present a metamodel by integrating two existing metamodels. Then we validate the newly built metamodel with precision and recall methods. Lastly, we also develop a traceability tool that is based on the proposed metamodel.

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