Coming and going in time: a multimodal study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Alcaraz Carrion ◽  
Javier Valenzuela
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Linguistic Expression ◽  
Linguistic Structure ◽  
Axis Direction ◽  
Temporal Frame ◽  
Lateral Axis

In this paper, we look at co-speech gestures when using a Time Unit +come/go construction. We analise 326 gestures in terms axis, direction of the movement, direction in relation to the speaker and gesture-speech congruency. We conclude that gestures performed with these verbs are adapted to the lateral axis. We hypothesise that factors such as the frequency of the linguistic expression, the level of spatial information contained in the linguistic structure, and the type of temporal frame of reference employed by time metaphors may condition several gesture features such as frequency, congruency and direction.

Determination of the attitude of the Ariel III satellite

1969 ◽  
Vol 311 (1507) ◽  
pp. 543-553
Keyword(s):  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Spin Axis ◽  
Conical Surface ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Axis Direction ◽  
Exact Position ◽  
Better Than ◽  
True Direction

The three radio experiments on the Ariel III satellite require a knowledge of spin axis direction in order to deduce the fields measured by their loop aerials. Solar aspect sensors provide the angle between the direction of the spin axis and the Sun, which defines a conical surface containing the spin axis. Some other frame of reference is required in order to find the exact position of the spin axis on this cone and a method was therefore proposed based on that used on Telstar. Six echelon mirrors were placed on the satellite from which glints of solar reflexions could be monitored by visual, photographic or photoelectric techniques on the ground. At the instant when glints are received the position of the satellite is known in relation to the observer and to the direction of the sun, as also is the angle of the mirror to the spin axis of the satellite; a second cone is therefore determined on which the spin axis lies. From the intersections of these two cones the final attitude of the spacecraft is calculated. Any one observation yields two possible directions, but successive observations enable the true direction to be determined. Excellent results have been obtained and the spin axis direction has been monitored to an accuracy of better than 2°. Results from a photoelectric camera have enabled the coning angle, or angle between dynamic and geometric axes, to be determined to better than 0.1°.

Encoding of near-range spatial information by descending interneurons in the stick insect antennal mechanosensory pathway

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (9) ◽  
pp. 2099-2112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan M. Ache ◽  
Volker Dürr
Keyword(s):  
Joint Angle ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Reach To Grasp ◽  
Movement Velocity ◽  
Spatial Coordinate ◽  
Descending Interneurons ◽  
Position Sensitive

Much like mammals use their whiskers, insects use their antennae for tactile near-range orientation during locomotion. Stick insects rapidly transfer spatial information about antennal touch location to the front legs, allowing for aimed reach-to-grasp movements. This adaptive behavior requires a spatial coordinate transformation from “antennal contact space” to “leg posture space.” Therefore, a neural pathway must convey proprioceptive and tactile information about antennal posture and contact site to thoracic motor networks. Here we analyze proprioceptive encoding properties of descending interneurons (DINs) that convey information about antennal posture and movement to the thoracic ganglia. On the basis of response properties of 110 DINs to imposed movement of the distal antennal joint, we distinguish five functional DIN groups according to their sensitivity to three parameters: movement direction, movement velocity, and antennal joint angle. These groups are simple position-sensitive DINs, which signal the antennal joint angle; dynamic position-sensitive DINs, which signal the joint angle with strong dependence on movement; unspecific movement-sensitive DINs, which signal movement but not the velocity, position, or direction of movement; and ON- and OFF-type velocity-sensitive DINs. The activity of the latter two groups is increased/attenuated during antennal movement, with the spike rate increasing/decreasing linearly with antennal joint angle velocity. Some movement-sensitive DINs convey spikes to the thorax within 11 ms, suggesting a rapid, direct pathway from antennal mechanosensory to thoracic motor networks. We discuss how the population of DINs could provide the neural basis for the intersegmental spatial coordinate transfer between a touch sensor of the head and thoracic motor networks.

Verbal Aspect in the Apocalypse of John: An Analysis of Revelation 5

2008 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-77
Author(s):  
David Mathewson
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Verbal Aspect ◽  
Temporal Frame ◽  
Level Of Importance ◽  
Apocalypse Of John

AbstractThere has been much discussion and confusion regarding the verb tenses in Revelation's visions, where the author shifts tenses while apparently retaining the same temporal frame of reference. This phenomenon of shifting tenses in the Apocalypse has usually been understood to reflect temporal references in relation to the visionary experience of the author, or more commonly to reflect underlying Semitic influence. However, recent work on verbal aspect and also the notion of prominence from discourse analysis calls these previous approaches into question and provides fresh avenues for exploring the author's varied use of tenses throughout his visions. The array of tense forms utilized throughout the vision in Revelation 5 can profitably be understood in light of recent work on verbal aspect and discourse prominence, where the author's shift in tenses function to signal the author's perspective on the action and the level of importance that the author attaches to various elements in the vision.

scholarly journals Pátraic surnames in the Fiants and Patent Rolls of Ireland Part 1: a method of approach to mega-data, and a Mac Caisín case study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 66-92
Author(s):  
Mike Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Henry Viii ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
Charles I ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Temporal Frame ◽  
Source Of Information

The fiants and patent rolls of Ireland are an extraordinary and largely untapped source of information. This article taps into this valuable source with a focus on interrogating Pátraic-surnames, i.e., Patrick, Fitzpatrick, Kilpatrick, Mac Giolla Phádraig and Ó Maol Phádraig, which document grants, leases, and pardons, etc., issued under the Great Seal of Ireland. The extant records of fiants are for the period 1521-1603, and the patent rolls 1514-1575 and 1603-1633, i.e., much of the reign of Henry VIII of England to the eighth year of Charles I of England. Ireland's fiants and patent rolls provide mega-data on names, places, occupations, relationships, and more, and Pátraic-surname records uncover rich narratives from all over Éire. Yet, there is a tendency for the vastness of the records to overwhelm, so a systematic approach is required to extract the maximum value. This article provides a method for 'eating an elephant', and one key is having a secure temporal frame of reference via which associations, familial and otherwise, can be understood. By way of example, the surname Mac Caisín begins this series of articles on Pátraic surnames in the Fiants and Patent Rolls of Ireland. The choice of Mac Caisín may appear strange at first, since it is not obviously a Pátraic surname. However, this article argues the case study of Mac Caisín provides a clear example of how an interrogation of the fiants, and patents reveal many instances where members of Pátraic families are recorded by other names, such as Mac William, Mac Edmund, Mac Flynn and, maybe, Mac Caisín. Understanding such names in the fiants and patents requires a sound knowledge of context so they can be distinguished as surnames or patronymics. Still, even then, there is evidence that members of Pátraic families sometimes took other surnames due to, for example, fosterage or to 'mask' a clerical lineage. This article seeks to answer questions about the Mac Caisín of Osraí (Ossory), who were unquestionably the close associates of the Fitzpatrick barons of Upper Ossory. Were the Mac Caisín either a lineage from an individual called Caisín (a name meaning curly-haired) Mac Giolla Phádraig, or a line out of fosterage, or of a ‘surname-masked’ clerical lineage; or, was there even any kinship bond?

The Psychological Cost of Making Control Responses in the Nonstereotype Direction

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1173-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan H. S. Chan ◽  
Errol R. Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
The Common ◽  
Display Location ◽  
The Cost

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a scale for the “psychological cost” of making control responses in the nonstereotype direction. Background: Wickens, Keller, and Small suggested values for the psychological cost arising from having control/display relationships that were not in the common stereotype directions. We provide values of such costs specifically for these situations. Method: Working from data of Chan and Hoffmann for 168 combinations of display location, control type, and display movement direction, we define values for the cost and compare these with the suggested values of Wickens et al.’s Frame of Reference Transformation Tool (FORT) model. Results: We found marked differences between the values of the FORT model and the data of our experiments. The differences arise largely from the effects of the Worringham and Beringer visual field principle not being adequately considered in the previous research. Conclusion: A better indication of the psychological cost for use of incorrect control/display stereotypes is given. It is noted that these costs are applicable only to the factor of stereotype strength and not other factors considered in the FORT model. Application: Effects of having controls and displays that are not arranged to operate with population expectancies can be readily determined from the data in this paper.

A Multisensory Interaction Effect in the Conceptual Realm of Time

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 236-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Ouellet ◽  
Antonio Román ◽  
Julio Santiago
Keyword(s):  
Strong Consistency ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Multisensory Interaction ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
The Right ◽  
Temporal Judgments

Recent studies on the conceptualization of abstract concepts suggest that the concept of time is represented along a left-right horizontal axis, such that left-to-right readers represent past on the left and future on the right. Although it has been demonstrated with strong consistency that the localization (left or right) of visual stimuli could modulate temporal judgments, results obtained with auditory stimuli are more puzzling, with both failures and successes at finding the effect in the literature. The present study supports an account based on the relative relevance of visual versus auditory-spatial information in the creation of a frame of reference to map time: The auditory location of words interacted with their temporal meaning only when auditory information was made more relevant than visual spatial information by blindfolding participants.

Recontextualization and language change

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (s41) ◽  
pp. 253-281
Author(s):  
Ferdinand von Mengden ◽  
Anneliese Kuhle
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
The Body ◽  
Linguistic Expression ◽  
Linguistic Structure ◽  
Independent Form ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Familiar Material ◽  
Linguistic Structures ◽  
Linguistic Usage

Abstract This paper introduces the concept of ‘recontextualization’ and its benefit for the study of language change. ‘Recontextualization’ refers to the use of familiar material, such as tools or gestures, which extend the body in variable contexts of behaviour. The concept is related to notions already established in other fields, such as primatology and anthropology. We claim that these parallels are meaningful as they represent an overarching principle which underlies the emergence of linguistic structures but which also connects linguistic usage with other types of behaviour and interaction. We thereby argue against notions of context-independent form-meaning pairings in language, which require assumptions like innovation or reanalysis as mechanisms of usage and, ultimately, change. In this sense, we concur with usage-based approaches that define the linguistic expression as inherently vague, underspecified and variable. But we further argue that the emergence and, as a consequence, the empirically observable properties of any linguistic structure are to be accounted for by speakers using the same material in novel contexts or situations. Any such ‘recontextualization’ then creates, in turn, new options for the re-use of a linguistic construction. The underlying categorizations, which typically form part of the linguistic descriptions, pertain to the reality of the observer (the linguist) and not primarily to that of the speaker.

Vestibular Function and Depersonalization/Derealization Symptoms

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 637-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrine Jáuregui Renaud
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Vestibular Function ◽  
Vestibular Dysfunction ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Head Acceleration ◽  
Vestibular Input ◽  
Sensory Dysfunction ◽  
Vestibular Afferents

Patients with an acquired sensory dysfunction may experience symptoms of detachment from self or from the environment, which are related primarily to nonspecific symptoms of common mental disorders and secondarily, to the specific sensory dysfunction. This is consistent with the proposal that sensory dysfunction could provoke distress and a discrepancy between the multi-sensory frame given by experience and the actual perception. Both vestibular stimuli and vestibular dysfunction can underlie unreal experiences. Vestibular afferents provide a frame of reference (linear and angular head acceleration) within which spatial information from other senses is interpreted. This paper reviews evidence that symptoms of depersonalization/derealization associated with vestibular dysfunction are a consequence of a sensory mismatch between disordered vestibular input and other sensory signals of orientation.

Impact of geography and culture on spatial relations

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samia Naïm ◽  
Christiane Pilot-Raichoor
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Linguistic Expression ◽  
Verbal Expression ◽  
Local Factors

AbstractCommunicating about spatial relations is a day-to-day task throughout our life. We accomplish it so spontaneously and easily that it was thought for long that our own way of transmitting spatial information was universal. However, when anthropologists and linguists started to carry on detailed studies on ‘exotic’ cultures, they found that the verbal expression of even basic spatial relations may differ significantly from language to language. This article contributes to this line of research and focuses on the local factors, notably cultural and geographic, which interfere with the linguistic expression and the precise transmission of spatial information in a few Arabic and Dravidian languages.

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