Factors of influence in Prisoner’s Dilemma task: a review of medical literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasileios Mantas ◽  
Artemios Pehlivanidis ◽  
Vasileia Kotoula ◽  
Katerina Papanikolaou ◽  
Georgia Vassiliou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
Social Setting ◽  
The Past ◽  
Factors Of Influence ◽  
Human Participants

Prisoner’s dilemma (PD) is one of the most popular concepts among scientific literature. The task is used in order to study different social interactions by giving participants the choice of defection or cooperation in a specific social setting/dilemma. This review concerns the technical characteristics of PD use in medical literature involving human subjects and how the different settings could influence the behaviours studied by the task. We identify all studies that have used PD in medical research with human participants and distinguish, following a heuristic approach, the seven parameters that can differentiate a PD task, namely a.Opponent parties’ composition; b.Opponent perceived type; c.Interaction flow; d.Number of rounds; e.Instructions, narration and options; f.Strategy and g.Reward matrix and payoffs. For each parameter, we highlight their variability as it is captured in the literature, and we describe how each one could influence the final outcome of the PD task. Our aim is to point out the heterogeneity of such methods in the past literature and to assist future researchers into methodology design.

The Prisoner's Dilemma Game and Cooperation in the Rat

1984 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick M. Gardner ◽  
Terry L. Corbin ◽  
Janelle S. Beltramo ◽  
Gary S. Nickell
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Visual Communication ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma Game ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma Game ◽  
Cooperative Behaviors

Cooperation in pairs of rats playing the prisoner's dilemma game was investigated. Six pairs of animals were taught to make either cooperative or uncooperative responses by running to one or the other end of a T-maze. Two T-mazes were joined together such that animals could respond simultaneously. Animals were run under conditions in which visual communication was present and absent. Mutually uncooperative responses were the most common and mutually cooperative behaviors the least preferred. Introduction of a barrier between the mazes, which removed visual communication between pairs, sharply accentuated uncooperative behavior. Similarities of the present findings to results with human subjects and the implications of using game theory for studying cooperative behavior in animals are discussed.

scholarly journals Learning dynamics explains human behaviour in Prisoner's Dilemma on networks

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (94) ◽  
pp. 20131186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulio Cimini ◽  
Angel Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
Conditional Cooperation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Extensive Analysis ◽  
Emergence Of Cooperation ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Evolutionarily Stable

Cooperative behaviour lies at the very basis of human societies, yet its evolutionary origin remains a key unsolved puzzle. Whereas reciprocity or conditional cooperation is one of the most prominent mechanisms proposed to explain the emergence of cooperation in social dilemmas, recent experimental findings on networked Prisoner's Dilemma games suggest that conditional cooperation also depends on the previous action of the player—namely on the ‘mood’ in which the player is currently in. Roughly, a majority of people behave as conditional cooperators if they cooperated in the past, whereas they ignore the context and free ride with high probability if they did not. However, the ultimate origin of this behaviour represents a conundrum itself. Here, we aim specifically to provide an evolutionary explanation of moody conditional cooperation (MCC). To this end, we perform an extensive analysis of different evolutionary dynamics for players' behavioural traits—ranging from standard processes used in game theory based on pay-off comparison to others that include non-economic or social factors. Our results show that only a dynamic built upon reinforcement learning is able to give rise to evolutionarily stable MCC, and at the end to reproduce the human behaviours observed in the experiments.

scholarly journals Predicting human decision making in psychological tasks with recurrent neural networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baihan Lin ◽  
Djallel Bouneffouf ◽  
Guillermo Cecchi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
Gambling Task ◽  
Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Iterated Prisoner’S Dilemma

Unlike traditional time series, the action sequences of human decision making usually involve many cognitive processes such as beliefs, desires, intentions and theory of mind, i.e. what others are thinking. This makes predicting human decision making challenging to be treated agnostically to the underlying psychological mechanisms. We propose to use a recurrent neural network architecture based on long short-term memory networks (LSTM) to predict the time series of the actions taken by the human subjects at each step of their decision making, the first application of such methods in this research domain. In this study, we collate the human data from 8 published literature of the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma comprising 168,386 individual decisions and postprocess them into 8,257 behavioral trajectories of 9 actions each for both players. Similarly, we collate 617 trajectories of 95 actions from 10 different published studies of Iowa Gambling Task experiments with healthy human subjects. We train our prediction networks on the behavioral data from these published psychological experiments of human decision making, and demonstrate a clear advantage over the state-of-the-art methods in predicting human decision making trajectories in both single-agent scenarios such as the Iowa Gambling Task and multi-agent scenarios such as the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma. In the prediction, we observe that the weights of the top performers tends to have a wider distribution, and a bigger bias in the LSTM networks, which suggests possible interpretations for the distribution of strategies adopted by each group.

Cooperation as the Outcome of a Social Differentiation Process in Metamimetic Games

2008 ◽  
pp. 26-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Chavalarias
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
Economic Models ◽  
Social Differentiation ◽  
Differentiation Process ◽  
Spontaneous Differentiation ◽  
Spatial Games ◽  
High Level

What are the principles underlying social differentiation ? Socio-economic models generally consider agents that pursue some particular ends given prior to their social activity. In this paper we propose an alternative in the framework of metamimetic games. We claim that the distribution of ends in a popultation is the outcome of social interactions and not only what drives them. We take the example of the prisoner’s dilemma in spatial games to illustrate how cultural co-evolution can lead to a spontaneous differentiation of ends in a population with a high level of cooperation. From this perspective, the question is not the traditional "How can altruists ’survive’ in a selfish worlds?" but rather to understand how heterogeneous ends can reinforce or limit each other to collectively entail the emergence of a social cooperative order.

Social Interactions and The Prisoner's Dilemma

Metascience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-338
Author(s):  
Cédric Paternotte
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma

scholarly journals Aggression, fast and slow: Intuition also favors defensive aggression

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Albert Charlton Everett ◽  
Zachary Ingbretsen ◽  
Fiery Andrews Cushman ◽  
Mina Cikara
Keyword(s):  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Partner ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Social Encounters ◽  
Opposite View

In certain threatening social encounters, humans seem to act distrustfully, uncooperatively, even aggressively by default, and must reason themselves towards comity and moderation. Yet, the contemporary scientific literature mostly supports the opposite view, according to which we are “intuitively prosocial”: acting cooperatively by default in positive-sum interactions in games such as the Prisoner’s dilemma. Could a change in the nature of the game elicit a different profile of default behavior? Across four studies we investigate whether intuition might also favor defensive aggression. We develop a “pre-emptive strike game” in which two players make a series of decisions about whether to live-and-let-live, or instead pay a small cost to imposing a large cost on the other player, knocking them out of the game. In this setting we find that default aggression prevails. Moreover, this aggressive tendency can be overridden when playing the game against in-group members, but tends not to be when playing against out-group members. In short, when faced with a social partner who may choose to harm them, people default towards defensive aggression.

A 200-Year History of the Study of Childhood Language Disorders of Unknown Origin: Changes in Terminology

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence B. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Language Impairment ◽  
Specific Language Impairment ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Language Disorder ◽  
Language Disorders ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Developmental Language Disorder ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

Purpose The current “specific language impairment” and “developmental language disorder” discussion might lead to important changes in how we refer to children with language disorders of unknown origin. The field has seen other changes in terminology. This article reviews many of these changes. Method A literature review of previous clinical labels was conducted, and possible reasons for the changes in labels were identified. Results References to children with significant yet unexplained deficits in language ability have been part of the scientific literature since, at least, the early 1800s. Terms have changed from those with a neurological emphasis to those that do not imply a cause for the language disorder. Diagnostic criteria have become more explicit but have become, at certain points, too narrow to represent the wider range of children with language disorders of unknown origin. Conclusions The field was not well served by the many changes in terminology that have transpired in the past. A new label at this point must be accompanied by strong efforts to recruit its adoption by clinical speech-language pathologists and the general public.

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