scholarly journals Specialization and the firm in Renaissance Italian art

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ennio Emanuele Piano
Keyword(s):  
Historical Record ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Italian Renaissance ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Independent Contractors ◽  
Italian Art ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Sacrifice ◽  
Artistic Talent

Renaissance Italian painters are among the most innovative and consequential artists inhuman history. They were also successful managers and business owners, always in search of commissions for their workshops. Indeed, their ability as managers and entrepreneurs were just as important to their success was just as important as their painting talents. This paper develops a theory of the organization of the production of paintings—frescoes and altarpieces—during the Italian Renaissance. I argue that Renaissance artists faced a trade-off between costly delegation and the sacrifice of gains from specialization in the performance of the tasks necessary for executing a painting. Applied to the historical record, the theory accounts for several of features of the organization of this industry: why Renaissance artists dabbled as entrepreneurs; why they performed several duties that did not require any artistic talent; and why they set up firms to aid them in the execution of some tasks while delegating other tasks to independent contractors.

Semiotics East and West: an aesthetic-semiotic approach to translating the iconicity of classical Chinese poetry

Semiotica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangxu Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Chinese Poetry ◽  
Semiotic Approach ◽  
Classical Chinese ◽  
Classical Chinese Poetry ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Sacrifice

Abstract For some Western translators before the twentieth century, domestication was their strategy to translate the classical Chinese poetry into English. But the consequence of this strategy was the sacrifice of the ideogrammic nature of these poems. The translators in the twentieth century, especially the Imagist poets and translators in the 1930s, overcame the problems of their predecessors and their translation theory and practice was close to that of the contemporary semiotic translators. But both Imagist translators and contemporary semiotic translators have the problem of indifference to the feeling of the original in their translations. For the problem of translating the classical Chinese poetry by the Westerners before the twentieth century and the Imagist poets and translators of the twentieth century, see Zhao and Flotow 2018. This paper attempts to set up an aesthetic-semiotic approach to the translation of the iconicity of classical Chinese poetry on the basis of the examination of both Eastern and Western translation studies.

SET UP FOR GROWTH? — AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF GROWTH INTENTION AND BUSINESS MODELS

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (06) ◽  
pp. 1540009 ◽  
Author(s):  
SARAH MAHDJOUR
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Theory Of The Firm ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Competitive Strategies ◽  
Consulting Services ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

What do growth-oriented business models look like? While several economic theories, such as the theory of the firm, are based on the assumption that firms aim to maximise their profits, past research has shown that growth intention is heterogeneous among firms and that many business owners prefer to keep their firm at a size that they can manage with few resources. This paper explores the relationship of growth intention and business models, based on a sample of 135 German ICT businesses. Following an exploratory approach, Mann–Whitney U tests are applied to analyse how different business model designs correspond with different levels of growth intention. The results indicate that growth intention relates to business owners’ decisions regarding the provision of consulting services, the level of standardisation in offered products and services, the choice of addressed markets, the implementation of competitive strategies based on cost efficiency and of revenue streams based on one-time- and performance-based payments. Furthermore, the results show that growth oriented firms are no more likely than non-growth oriented firms to adapt their business models dynamically to changed internal or external conditions.

Climate Governance for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises

2020 ◽  
pp. 295-308
Author(s):  
Janis Sarra
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Social Enterprises ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Climate Governance ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Medium Enterprises

Chapter 9 explores why management of climate-related risks can be particularly challenging for micro, small, and medium enterprises (‘MSME’) to address. MSME comprise about 99 per cent of all businesses globally and they often lack the infrastructure and resources to manage deep shifts in their business activities. This chapter explores how one could build financing and infrastructure to support the MSME sector to advance in their transition to net zero. It discusses how the European Union has taken the lead globally on microfinance for vulnerable groups that want to set up or develop their businesses and microenterprises. It is building the institutional capacity of microcredit providers and supporting development of social enterprises by facilitating access to finance. It also examines climate governance for MSME, offering examples of toolkits being developed for micro and small businesses. The chapter concludes with a discussion of contributions that women entrepreneurs and micro-business owners are making in the transition to net zero.

Waiting for the Payday? The Market for Startups and the Timing of Entrepreneurial Exit

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashish Arora ◽  
Andrea Fosfuri ◽  
Thomas Rønde
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Model ◽  
Business Strategy ◽  
Exit Strategy ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Early Exit ◽  
Early Acquisition ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Exclusive Choice ◽  
Early Market ◽  
Technology Startups

Most technology startups are set up for exit through acquisition by large corporations. In choosing when to sell, startups face a trade-off. Early acquisition reduces execution errors, but later acquisition both improves the likelihood of finding a better match and benefits from increased buyer competition. Startups’ exit strategies vary considerably: Some startups aim to sell early; others remain in stealth mode by developing the invention for a late sale. We develop an analytical model to study the timing of the exit strategy. We find that startups with more capable founding teams commit to a late exit, whereas those with less capable founding teams commit to an early exit. Finally, startups with founding teams of intermediate capabilities remain flexible: They seek early offers but eventually sell late. If trying the early market is so costly that startups have to make a mutually exclusive choice between an early and late sale, startups sell inefficiently late. Instead, if they can collect early offers at no cost before deciding on the timing of sale, there are too many early acquisitions. This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, business strategy.

scholarly journals Labour market mobility and employment security of male employees in Europe: `trade-off' or `flexicurity'?

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruud Muffels ◽  
Ruud Luijkx
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Welfare Regimes ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Outcome Indicators ◽  
Employment Security ◽  
Transition Models ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact

The dominant view in economics is that increasing demands for flexibility on the labour market jeopardizes employment security. However, against the prediction of a negative relationship or a`trade-off' between flexibility and security, there is evidence for a positive, mutually reinforcing relationship known as the `flexicurity' thesis. Using comparative panel data for 14 European countries, we elaborate dynamic outcome indicators for flexibility and employment security to assess the differences across countries and welfare regimes in balancing the two.We estimate transition models to explain the observed mobility patterns.The outcomes confirm the impact of the institutional set-up indicated by regime type on these transitions supporting the `variety of capitalism' approach.The regulated Southern and Continental regimes perform worst and the unregulated Anglo-Saxon and Nordic regimes best in attaining high levels of flexibility and employment security simultaneously, though for both regimes with a small loss either in flexibility or in security.

Women Entrepreneurs

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-157
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Small Business ◽  
International Research ◽  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Women Business Owners ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
The Us ◽  
Set Up

‘Internet Review’ identifies relevant and useful Websites related to entrepreneurship and innovation. This issue's article reviews Websites on women entrepreneurs. The US Small Business Administration's Office of Advocacy estimated that there were 9.1 million women-owned firms in 2001, employing 27.5 million people and contributing $3.6 trillion in sales and revenue to the US economy. Over 18 million women business owners set up one-third of the companies created in the European Union. International research results suggest that the needs of women entrepreneurs worldwide are similar and that their major problems are finance/capital, education/training and networks/markets.

scholarly journals Fatter or Fitter? On rewarding and training in a contest

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Clark ◽  
Tore Nilssen
Keyword(s):  
Incomplete Information ◽  
Selection Problem ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Heterogeneous Players ◽  
Fixed Budget ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Effort Provision ◽  
And Training

Competition between heterogeneous participants often leads to low effort provision in contests. We consider a principal who can divide her fixed budget between skill-enhancing training and the contest prize. Training can reduce heterogeneity, which increases effort. But it also reduces the contest prize, which makes effort fall. We set up an incomplete-information contest with heterogeneous players and show how this trade-off is related to the size of the budget when the principal maximizes expected effort. A selection problem can also arise in this framework in which there is a cost associated with a contest win by the inferior player. This gives the principal a larger incentive to train the expected laggard, reducing the size of the prize on offer.

scholarly journals Vaccination strategies when vaccines are scarce: On conflicts between reducing the burden and avoiding the evolution of escape mutants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Félix Geoffroy ◽  
Arne Traulsen ◽  
Hildegard Uecker
Keyword(s):  
Booster Dose ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Type Model ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Escape Mutants ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Dose Vaccine

When vaccine supply is limited but population immunisation urgent, the allocation of the available doses needs to be carefully considered. One aspect of dose allocation is the time interval between the primer and the booster injections in two-dose vaccines. By stretching this interval, more individuals can be vaccinated with the first dose more quickly. Even if the level of immunity of these 'half-vaccinated' individuals is lower than that of those who have received both shots, delaying the second injection can be beneficial in reducing case numbers, provided a single dose is sufficiently effective. On the other hand, there has been concern that intermediate levels of immunity in partially vaccinated individuals may favour the evolution of vaccine escape mutants. In that case, a large fraction of half-vaccinated individuals would pose a risk – but only if they encounter the virus. This raises the question whether there is a conflict between reducing the burden and the risk of vaccine escape evolution or not. We develop a minimal model to assess the population-level effects of the timing of the booster dose. We set up an SIR-type model, in which more and more individuals become vaccinated with a two-dose vaccine over the course of a pandemic. As expected, there is no trade-off when vaccine escape evolves at equal probabilities in unvaccinated and half-vaccinated patients. If vaccine escape evolves more easily in half-vaccinated patients, the presence or absence of a trade-off depends on the reductions in susceptibility and transmissibility elicited by the primer dose.

Real Estate, Construction, Money, Credit, and Finance

2019 ◽  
pp. 336-368
Author(s):  
Peter Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Financial Variables ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The One ◽  
Long Run Equilibrium

This chapter examines the interactions between real estate markets on the one side and, on the other, interest rates, credit, and financial variables. A simple model is set up to analyze the key ideas, which will yield long run equilibrium values for the housing stock and the price of dwellings. It also shows the path that these variables will take toward the long run equilibrium, provided there are no further shocks, from any initial position of the housing stock. Next, the model is extended to explore complications. The chapter then turns to the recent historical record of the links between real estate and financial crises and to relevant policy issues.

What Are the Health Consequences of Upward Mobility?

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edith Chen ◽  
Gene H. Brody ◽  
Gregory E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Upward Mobility ◽  
Adaptive Strategies ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Competing Demands ◽  
Set Up

Health disparities by socioeconomic status (SES) have been extensively documented, but less is known about the physical health implications of achieving upward mobility. This article critically reviews the evolving literature in this area, concluding that upward mobility is associated with a trade-off, whereby economic success and positive mental health in adulthood can come at the expense of physical health, a pattern termed skin-deep resilience. We consider explanations for this phenomenon, including prolonged high striving, competing demands between the environments upwardly mobile individuals seek to enter and their environments of origin, cultural mismatches between adaptive strategies from their childhood environments and those that are valued in higher-SES environments, and the sense of alienation, lack of belonging, and discrimination that upwardly mobile individuals face as they move into spaces set up by and for high-SES groups. These stressors are hypothesized to lead to unhealthy behaviors and a dysregulation of biological systems, with implications for cardiometabolic health. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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