scholarly journals Assessing Point Forecast Bias Across Multiple Time Series: Measures and Visual Tools

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Davydenko ◽  
Paul Goodwin
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Time ◽  
Multiple Series ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Forecast Bias ◽  
Creative Commons ◽  
Forecasting Methods ◽  
Statistics And Probability ◽  
Alternative Measures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Point Forecast

Measuring bias is important as it helps identify flaws in quantitative forecasting methods or judgmental forecasts. It can, therefore, potentially help improve forecasts. Despite this, bias tends to be under represented in the literature: many studies focus solely on measuring accuracy. Methods for assessing bias in single series are relatively well known and well researched, but for datasets containing thousands of observations for multiple series, the methodology for measuring and reporting bias is less obvious. We compare alternative approaches against a number of criteria when rolling origin point forecasts are available for different forecasting methods and for multiple horizons over multiple series. We focus on relatively simple, yet interpretable and easy to implement metrics and visualization tools that are likely to be applicable in practice. To study the statistical properties of alternative measures we use theoretical concepts and simulation experiments based on artificial data with predetermined features. We describe the difference between mean and median bias, describe the connection between metrics for accuracy and bias, provide suitable bias measures depending on the loss function used to optimise forecasts, and suggest which measures for accuracy should be used to accompany bias indicators. We propose several new measures and provide our recommendations on how to evaluate forecast bias across multiple series. /// Note: This is the final version of the paper, which appeared in the International Journal of Statistics and Probability. The first draft of this paper was uploaded to Preprints.org on 11 May, 2021: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202105.0261.v1 /// Copyrights: This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

scholarly journals Assessing Point Forecast Bias Across Multiple Time Series: Measures and Visual Tools

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Andrey Davydenko ◽  
Paul Goodwin
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Time ◽  
Multiple Series ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Forecast Bias ◽  
Forecasting Methods ◽  
Alternative Measures ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Point Forecast ◽  
Measuring Bias

Measuring bias is important as it helps identify flaws in quantitative forecasting methods or judgmental forecasts. It can, therefore, potentially help improve forecasts. Despite this, bias tends to be under-represented in the literature: many studies focus solely on measuring accuracy. Methods for assessing bias in single series are relatively well-known and well-researched, but for datasets containing thousands of observations for multiple series, the methodology for measuring and reporting bias is less obvious. We compare alternative approaches against a number of criteria when rolling-origin point forecasts are available for different forecasting methods and for multiple horizons over multiple series. We focus on relatively simple, yet interpretable and easy-to-implement metrics and visualization tools that are likely to be applicable in practice. To study the statistical properties of alternative measures we use theoretical concepts and simulation experiments based on artificial data with predetermined features. We describe the difference between mean and median bias, describe the connection between metrics for accuracy and bias, provide suitable bias measures depending on the loss function used to optimise forecasts, and suggest which measures for accuracy should be used to accompany bias indicators. We propose several new measures and provide our recommendations on how to evaluate forecast bias across multiple series.

scholarly journals Assessing Point Forecast Bias Across Multiple Time Series: Measures and Visual Tools

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Davydenko ◽  
Paul Goodwin
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Time ◽  
Multiple Series ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Forecast Bias ◽  
Forecasting Methods ◽  
Alternative Measures ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Point Forecast ◽  
Measuring Bias

Measuring bias is important as it helps identify flaws in quantitative forecasting methods or judgmental forecasts. It can, therefore, potentially help improve forecasts. Despite this, bias tends to be under-represented in the literature: many studies focus solely on measuring accuracy. Methods for assessing bias in single series are relatively well-known and well-researched, but for datasets containing thousands of observations for multiple series, the methodology for measuring and reporting bias is less obvious. We compare alternative approaches against a number of criteria when rolling-origin point forecasts are available for different forecasting methods and for multiple horizons over multiple series. We focus on relatively simple, yet interpretable and easy-to-implement metrics and visualization tools that are likely to be applicable in practice. To study the statistical properties of alternative measures we use theoretical concepts and simulation experiments based on artificial data with predetermined features. We describe the difference between mean and median bias, describe the connection between metrics for accuracy and bias, provide suitable bias measures depending on the loss function used to optimise forecasts, and suggest which measures for accuracy should be used to accompany bias indicators. We propose several new measures and provide our recommendations on how to evaluate forecast bias across multiple series.

Bidirectional saturable transport of LHRH across the blood-brain barrier

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (3) ◽  
pp. E312-E318 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Barrera ◽  
A. J. Kastin ◽  
M. B. Fasold ◽  
W. A. Banks
Keyword(s):  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Permeability Surface ◽  
Cerebrovascular Permeability ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Single Time Point ◽  
Time Point

Systemic administration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in rats has been found to influence behavior independently of pituitary or ovarian function. A previous study has shown that LHRH can cross the blood-brain barrier in one direction, but it was not known whether this was due to a saturable transport system. The rate of entry of 125I-labeled LHRH from blood to brain was determined by two different single-pass methods of carotid perfusion. The first, a multiple time point method, measures Ki from the slope of the linear regression when brain-to-blood ratios of radioiodinated LHRH are plotted against time. Saturable transport was determined by the difference between the Ki of rats perfused with 125I-LHRH (12.51 X 10(-3) mg.g-1.min-1) vs. rats perfused with 125I-LHRH and unlabeled LHRH (10 nmol/ml; 2.20 X 10(-3) ml.g-1.min-1). The inhibition by the unlabeled peptide was statistically significant (P less than 0.001). The second method, a single time point technique, measures the cerebrovascular permeability-surface area coefficient (PA). Saturable transport was determined in rats by the competition of unlabeled LHRH with 125I-LHRH. The PA value for 125I-LHRH (20.00 X 10(-3) ml.g-1.min-1) was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than for 125I-LHRH with the addition of 10 nmol/ml unlabeled LHRH (4.14 X 10(-3) ml.g-1.min-1). Saturable transport of LHRH from brain to blood in mice was also determined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Commentary on “Why study the history of learning disability?”

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Bradshaw ◽  
Peter McGill
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Learning Disability ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Care Staff ◽  
General Application ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Theory To Practice ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a commentary on “Why study the history of learning disability?” by Goodey. Design/methodology/approach – In his paper, Goodey makes the point that the term “learning disability” is not a fixed, stable concept, but one which has changed and evolved over time. This commentary explores the difference between care staff and professional understandings of people with learning disabilities including how these have changed in recent times. Findings – Care staff knowledge is likely to be based on direct experiences of particular people with learning disabilities whilst professional knowledge is likely to be based on theoretical concepts of general application. These differences in source of knowledge may interfere with desired collaboration between staff and professionals. Originality/value – This commentary suggests that differences in understandings should be recognised and the application of theory to practice is far from simple.

scholarly journals The Influence of Soil Conditioning on Soil Infiltration Rate in Urban Facilities

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 222
Author(s):  
Searphin Nugroho ◽  
Wahyono Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Texture ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Soil Infiltration ◽  
Soil Conditioning ◽  
Creative Commons ◽  
The Difference

Several attempts have been made to increase the permeable area in the cities, which include the building of green facilities such as parks and urban forests. Since these areas were built with soil compaction, the potential for infiltrating water differs compared with the natural green area. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the influence of soil conditioning on the constant infiltration rate using variables such as soil compaction, texture, and the presence of vegetation cover in urban facilities. The data used were obtained through field infiltration measurement using a single ring infiltrometer. In this research, the analysis carried out includes soil texture, Horton equation, the difference between conditioned soils and control plots, and USDA hydrologic soil classifications. The results showed that all variables (soil compaction, the presence of vegetation cover, and soil texture) have a significant effect on the constant infiltration rate. Based on the soil conditioning, the infiltration rate is increased on the vegetated plots and decreased on the plots with the combination of vegetation and compaction, as well as the compacted plots. Furthermore, the effect of vegetation cover is more significant in silt loam textured soil, while the influence of compaction is more on clay textured soil. The potential constant infiltration rate on the plots of similar characteristics with green urban areas are on K2 and L2 with 2.698 mm/h and 1.525 mm/h, respectively. Therefore, these plots have a moderate runoff potential based on USDA hydrologic soil classification. Keywords: Compaction; Infiltration; Soil conditioning; Urban facilities   Copyright (c) 2021 Geosfera Indonesia and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

scholarly journals Disruptive Behavior dan Bentuk Perlakuan Guru

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-210
Author(s):  
Annur Aliyyu
Keyword(s):  
Disruptive Behavior ◽  
Irrational Beliefs ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Emotional Disturbances ◽  
Homework Assignment ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Rational Emotive ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Preparation Design ◽  
Very High

DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND TEACHER TREATMENTS CONFIGURATION. This study aims to determine the theoretical concepts, acceptability, practicability, and effectiveness of guidelines for rational emotive counseling, homework assignment techniques, and confrontation techniques. This research is development research with steps: design preparation, design validation, design testing, and design revision. Questionnaire and interview methods collected data, and the data collected were analyzed using descriptive analysis techniques. The results showed: (1) Theoretically rational emotive counseling procedures homework assignment techniques and confrontation techniques include steps: showing the counselee that the problem faced is related to irrational beliefs, bringing the counselee to the opposite stage of consciousness by showing that the counselee is maintained emotional disturbances to stay active by always thinking illogically, correcting the thoughts of the counselee and leaving irrational ideas, challenging the counselee to develop rational philosophies. The difference between the two lies in the things done at each step;  (2) Acceptability of rational emotive counseling guidelines for homework assignment techniques and confrontation techniques; (3) The practicality of rational emotive counseling guidelines for homework assignment techniques and confrontation techniques is very high; (4) The effectiveness of rational emotive counseling guidelines for homework assignment techniques and confrontation techniques is very high.

scholarly journals Flexible Specialization. Flexible Accumulation

Geografie ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-121
Author(s):  
David Uhlíř
Keyword(s):  
Regional Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Great Flexibility ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Flexible Specialization ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Flexible Accumulation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Organization Of Production

This article deals with two theoretical concepts: flexible specialization and flexible accumulation. It starts with a very brief description of the changes in organization of production that occurred in the recent decades as a consequence of the 1970s and early 1980s crises. Their single most important characteristic is a great flexibility. Subsequently, the ways in which the two theories explain the changes themselves and their consequences are described in a more detailed manner. This includes reactions of the economic subjects involved, i.e. the state and the individual enterprises. Further on, the author aims to clarify the difference between two "flexible concepts" that are often misinterpreted in geographical literature. The distinction leads to an evaluation of the flexible specialization theory as an important contribution to the theories of regional development: on the other hand the flexible accumulation theorizes more generally the social and economic change. Several critical remarks concerning both theories are quoted in the last part of this article.

Spatial Motion of a String Subjected to Two Harmonic Excitations With Different Frequencies

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Kamiya ◽  
Kimihiko Yasuda
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Natural Frequencies ◽  
Multiple Time Scales ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Combination Resonance ◽  
Spatial Motion ◽  
Harmonic Excitations ◽  
The Difference

This paper studies spatial motion of a stretched string subjected to two harmonic excitations with different frequencies. Two cases are considered, one in which both excitations are in a plane, and one in which they are perpendicular to each other. First, theoretical analysis by the method of multiple time scales is conducted. It is found that in the former case sub-combination resonance and summed-and-differential combination resonance of whirling type can occur, and in the latter case sub-combination resonances parallel and perpendicular to the excitations and of whirling type can occur. Then, experiment is conducted. In the experiment, it was confirmed that the same types of motions as those predicted in the theoretical analysis occured. In addition, it was found that for the case in which the excitations are in a plane the response is sensitive to the difference between the natural frequencies in the two perpendicular directions. Finally, effect of the difference between the natural frequencies is studied.

scholarly journals Pink Noise in Rowing Ergometer Performance and the Role of Skill Level

Motor Control ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruud J. R. Den Hartigh ◽  
Ralf F. A. Cox ◽  
Christophe Gernigon ◽  
Nico W. Van Yperen ◽  
Paul L. C. Van Geert
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Skill Level ◽  
Multiple Time Scales ◽  
Fluctuation Analysis ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Pink Noise ◽  
Noise Pattern ◽  
Rowing Ergometer ◽  
Temporal Structures ◽  
The Difference

The aim of this study was to examine (1) the temporal structures of variation in rowers’ (natural) ergometer strokes to make inferences about the underlying motor organization, and (2) the relation between these temporal structures and skill level. Four high-skilled and five lower-skilled rowers completed 550 strokes on a rowing ergometer. Detrended Fluctuation Analysis was used to quantify the temporal structure of the intervals between force peaks. Results showed that the temporal structure differed from random, and revealed prominent patterns of pink noise for each rower. Furthermore, the high-skilled rowers demonstrated more pink noise than the lower-skilled rowers. The presence of pink noise suggests that rowing performance emerges from the coordination among interacting component processes across multiple time scales. The difference in noise pattern between high-skilled and lower-skilled athletes indicates that the complexity of athletes’ motor organization is a potential key characteristic of elite performance.

Psychophysical and Physical Techniques for Measuring the Attenuation of Hearing Protectors in the Field

1993 ◽  
Vol 37 (14) ◽  
pp. 999-1003
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Mauney
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Noise Reduction ◽  
Insertion Loss ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Bone Conduction ◽  
Hearing Protectors ◽  
Alternative Measures ◽  
Hearing Protector ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Occlusion Effect

A field-implementable measure is needed to estimate the attenuation workers achieve with their hearing protectors in the field. Manufacturer-supplied values overestimate in-field attenuation and reliance on these values could result in greater noise exposure, thus contributing to hearing loss. Alternative measures for assessing a hearing protector's effectiveness were evaluated through comparison to the standardized real-ear attenuation at threshold (1/3-REAT) method (ANSI S3.19-1974). These measures, termed microphone in real ear (MIRE), used miniature microphones underneath and outside of the hearing protector to physically measure the attenuation of the protector using both insertion loss (IL-MIRE) and noise reduction (NR-MIRE) techniques. Results indicate that the MIRE measures differ significantly from the 1/3-REAT method (a psychophysical technique) for attenuation collapsed across protectors, with absolute differences as great as 6.6 dB and the direction of the difference changing due to frequency. At 125 Hz, the MIRE metrics yielded lower attenuation, while from 500 to 8000 Hz, the 1/3-REAT method generally yielded lower attenuation. These differences may be due in part to the occlusion effect and the bone conduction of sound. The size and consistency of these differences across HPDs suggest that these measures hold promise for providing quick and relatively accurate estimations of an HPD's attenuation in the field.

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