scholarly journals Quantifying the contribution of occupational segregation to racial disparities in health: A gap-closing perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Lundberg
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Occupational Segregation ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Causal Assumptions ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
White Workers ◽  
Racial Disparities In Health ◽  
Population Disparity ◽  
Gap Closing

Racism causes racial disparities in health, and structural racism has many components. Focusing on one of those components, this paper addresses occupational segregation. I document high onset of work-limiting disabilities in occupations where many workers identify as non-Hispanic Black or as Hispanic. I then pivot to a causal question. Suppose we took a sample from the population and reassigned their occupations to be a function of education alone. To what degree would health disparities narrow for that sample? Using observational data, I estimate that the disparity between non-Hispanic Black and white workers would narrow by one-third. This estimate is credible because of adjustment for lagged measures of demographics, human capital, and health carried out under transparent causal assumptions. The result contributes to understanding about inequality and health by quantifying the contribution of occupational segregation to a disparity: if we took a sample and reassigned occupations, the disparity would narrow but would not disappear. The paper contributes to methodology by illustrating an approach to macro-level claims (how segregation affects a population disparity) that draws on explicitly causal micro-level analyses (potential outcomes for individuals) for which data are abundant.

scholarly journals The Earnings Gap between Black and White Workers in Canada: Evidence from the 2006 Census

2011 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 324-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gervan Fearon ◽  
Steven Wald
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Occupational Segregation ◽  
Wage Discrimination ◽  
Occupational Attainment ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Black Workers ◽  
Decomposition Approach ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
White Workers

This paper investigates the earnings gap between Black and White workers in the Canadian economy using 2006 Canadian Census data. Several studies have examined visible minority earnings in Canada (e.g., Hou and Coulombe, 2010; Pendakur and Pendakur, 2011; Yap and Konrad, 2009). Recent research consistently finds that Black workers face one of the largest earnings gaps amongst ethnic groups in Canada (Pendakur and Pendakur, 2002, 2007; Hou and Coulombe, 2010). Nonetheless, the literature lacks an investigation of the combined impact of wage discrimination and occupational segregation on the earnings gap faced by Black workers in the Canadian labour market. Howland and Sakellariou (1993) as well as Hou and Coulombe (2010) highlighted the importance of occupational attainment differences in labour market outcomes. Consequently, this research suggests the need for occupational attainment to be incorporated into models investigating earnings gaps. We address the gap in the literature by utilizing the decomposition method developed by Brown, Moon and Zoloth (1980). This BMZ method extends the traditional earnings decomposition methods advanced by Blinder (1973) and Oaxaca (1973) by also identifying the role played by occupational differences. Specifically, the BMZ method estimates the portion of the earnings gap attributable to differences in productive endowments and to unexplained factors (i.e., the traditional decomposition approach) as well as extending the traditional approach by providing a calculation of the portion of the earnings gap explained by occupational attainment differences. The study finds that approximately one-fifth of the Black-White earnings gap (equaling $2,600) can be attributed to productivity-related endowment differences. Furthermore, the remaining four-fifths of the earnings gap (equaling $9,800) is attributable at the upper-bound level to occupational segregation and wage discrimination. In aggregate, the estimates of occupational segregation and wage discrimination translate into annual earnings losses of approximately $1.5 billion for full-time full-year Black workers in the Canadian workforce.

scholarly journals Racial Disparities in Health Care Access and Cardiovascular Disease Indicators in Black and White Older Adults in the Health ABC Study

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 599-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronica N. Rooks ◽  
Eleanor M. Simonsick ◽  
Lisa M. Klesges ◽  
Anne B. Newman ◽  
Hilsa N. Ayonayon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Health Care Access ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Care Access ◽  
Disease Indicators ◽  
Racial Disparities In Health

Competition in Northern Labor Markets

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Platt Boustan
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Black Men ◽  
School Quality ◽  
Black Workers ◽  
Earnings Growth ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The North ◽  
White Workers ◽  
Southern Migrants

This chapter shows that northern employers used black migrants more interchangeably with other black workers than with similarly skilled white workers in the North. The lack of substitutability between black and white workers was due both to actual differences in productivity—owing to, for example, racial disparities in school quality—and to discrimination in job assignments. In addition, the competition with southern blacks generated larger wage losses for black men in the North than for similarly skilled whites. This chapter argues that the migration produced clear economic winners and losers. The southern migrants themselves benefited from the move from the low-wage South, while existing black workers in the North lost ground. In part because of competition from southern in-migrants, black workers experienced little earnings growth in the North relative to whites before 1965.

Teaching physicians-in-training to address racial disparities in health: a hospital-community partnership

2003 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A Jacobs ◽  
Claire Kohrman ◽  
Maurice Lemon ◽  
Dennis L Vickers
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Community Partnership ◽  
Racial Disparities In Health

Racial Disparities in Allergic Outcomes Persist to Age 10 Years in Black and White Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 146 (Supplement 4) ◽  
pp. S330.2-S331
Author(s):  
Timothy Chow ◽  
Jeffrey Chambliss
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black And White

When race trumps political ideology: Black teachers who advocate for social responsibility are penalized by both liberals and conservatives

2021 ◽  
pp. 014616722199402
Author(s):  
Grace N. Rivera ◽  
Phia S. Salter ◽  
Matt Friedman ◽  
Jaren Crist ◽  
Rebecca J. Schlegel
Keyword(s):  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Black Teachers ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Hiring Decisions ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Teacher Race ◽  
Teaching Position

Meritocracy is a prominent narrative embedded in America’s educational system: work hard and anyone can achieve success. Yet, racial disparities in education suggest this narrative does not tell the full story. Four studies ( N = 1,439) examined how applicants for a teaching position are evaluated when they invoke different narratives regarding who or what is to blame for racial disparities (i.e., individuals vs. systems). We hypothesized these evaluations would differ depending on teacher race (Black/White) and evaluator political orientation. Results revealed conservatives evaluated Black and White applicants advocating for personal responsibility more favorably than applicants advocating for social responsibility. Liberals preferred social responsibility applicants, but only when they were White. They were more ambivalent in their evaluations and hiring decisions if the applicants were Black. Our findings suggest that Black applicants advocating for social change are penalized by both liberal and conservative evaluators.

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