Consumption Pattern of Timber and Fuelwood in Community Forests: a case study from Sindhupalchok District

The study was carried out in four community forest user groups (CFUGs) of Sindhupalchok district of Nepal with a view to find out the consumption pattern of forest products especially timber and fuelwood from the community forests (CFs). A set of structured questionnaires was used to collect data from the respondents of the selected CFUGs. Four CFUGs were randomly selected from among those meeting the predetermined criteria such as: more than 5 years old, regularly harvesting timber and fuelwood, and active in forest management. With a 20% sampling intensity, 103 respondents were identified from the groups for household visit and personal interview. Records of forest product distribution together with a checklist of secondary data were obtained from the District Forestry Office (DFO) and the CFUG records. This data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Results indicated that there was no significant difference in the use of timber and fuelwood among the users. Similarly, there was no correlation between the number of livestock and use of firewood. However, there was a strong relationship between the number of livestock and fodder trees on their farmland. There was a higher demand for fuelwood than timber but the pine-dominant community forests were found to be producing more timber, thereby creating a big gap between the demand and supply of firewood. However, the supply of timber was comparatively consistent with demand. Keywords: Community forest user group, demand and supply, farmland, fuelwood, timber doi: 10.3126/banko.v19i1.2179 Banko Janakari, Vol. 19, No. 1, 23-28

Download Full-text

Earthquake Impacts on the Livelihoods of Community Forest Users in Sindhupalchok District, Nepal, and Their Perceptions towards Forest Conservation

Conservation ◽

10.3390/conservation1040025 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 327-341

Author(s):

Sudha Adhikari ◽

Kazuhiro Harada ◽

Nabin Kumar Dahal ◽

Saroj Kandel

Keyword(s):

Forest Conservation ◽

Forest Products ◽

Sustainable Livelihood ◽

Nontimber Forest Products ◽

Community Forest ◽

Community Forests ◽

User Groups ◽

Forest User Groups ◽

Community Forest User Groups ◽

Forest User

Community forests are a crucial component of farming systems and people’s livelihoods in the rural middle hills of Nepal, where the population depends upon the forest for fuelwood, fodder, and leaf litter for their daily needs. This study aims to assess the perception of community forest user groups towards their postearthquake situations by using the five forms of capital from the sustainable livelihood framework. It further analyzes whether forest user’s attitudes towards forest conservation have changed or not. In addition to household interviews with 68 earthquake-affected households and extensive visits to the study area, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were conducted. This study confirms that the community forest user groups perceived negative effects on the natural, physical, human, and financial capitals, whereas they perceived a positive effect on social capital after the earthquake. Controlled access to forest products, such as timber collection during the recovery phase, restricted their resilience, although nontimber forest products supported it. Low agricultural production because of the scarcity of water for irrigation, as well as the soil infertility because of the landslides, caused local people to shift towards nonagricultural activities for income generation. Further, out-migration for job opportunities resulted in an inflow of remittances and, thus, manpower shortages were observed. Our results show that, despite facing the postdisaster impact on their livelihoods, 92% of the respondents were found to be positive towards forest conservation. This was because of their emotional attachment to the forest and the benefits received from the forest in the past. Local institutional policies and mechanisms must be strengthened to provide communities with the knowledge, skills, and practices for effective postdisaster recovery or for upcoming disasters, as well as the benefits of promoting sustainable forest conservation.

Download Full-text

Pro-poor Institutions: Creating Exclusive Rights to the Poor Groups in Community Forest Management

Journal of Forest and Livelihood ◽

10.3126/jfl.v8i2.2304 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sushma Bhattarai ◽

Prakash Kumar Jha ◽

Niraj Chapagain

Keyword(s):

Community Forestry ◽

Community Forest Management ◽

Community Forest ◽

Degraded Land ◽

Policy And Practice ◽

Community Forests ◽

The Poor ◽

User Groups ◽

Community Forest User Groups ◽

Forest User

In spite of the widely accepted success of Community Forestry in reviving degraded land, it is still seen as being unable to provide tangible benefits to the poor. This paper illustrates that through continuous sharing, deliberation and negotiation among the poor and non?poor members of Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs), management of community forests can be made far more equitable than the usual scenario. Drawing from the experience on the processes and outcomes of Livelihoods and Forestry Programme (LFP), this paper brings empirical evidence of how facilitation support has enabled the poor to have more equitable access to community forests. Three key pro?poor institutional arrangements resulting from the facilitation process include: a) establishing special use rights arrangements within CFUGs for the poor, b) pro?poor silvicultural practices, and c) equitable forest product and benefit distribution mechanisms. The paper suggests some changes in policy and practice to institutionalise these outcomes. Full text is available at the ForestAction websiteDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v8i2.2304 Journal of Forest and Livelihood 8(2) February 2009 pp.1-15

Download Full-text

Assessment of non timber forest products in Baghmara Buffer Zone Community Forest, Chitwan, Nepal

Journal of Natural History Museum ◽

10.3126/jnhm.v30i0.27563 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 209-220

Author(s):

Udisha Danekhu ◽

Rajeswar Shrestha ◽

Sanu Raja Maharjan

Keyword(s):

Ecological Status ◽

Forest Products ◽

Buffer Zone ◽

Preference Ranking ◽

Asparagus Racemosus ◽

Community Forest ◽

Importance Value Index ◽

Importance Value ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Non Timber Forest Products

Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are the forest products except timber used for various purposes from which economic status of the country can be increased through green growth based economy. The study was conducted in Baghmara Buffer Zone Community Forest for the inventory, to document various uses and find out the preferred NTFPs potential for economic development of Community Forest User Groups. Stratified random sampling was applied in which 50 quadrats of size 25m×20m for trees, 100 subplots of 10m×10m for shrubs and 200 small subplots of 1m×1msize for herbs and climbers were taken. Parameters like density, frequency, abundance, importance value index, diversity index, evenness index and dominance index were calculated to find out the ecological status of NTFPs. Questionnaire survey of 100 households was done for studying different uses and interview with 10 key informants were carried out to identify 10 most preferred NTFPs. Altogether, 109 NTFPs were enumerated. Trewia nudiflora, Clerodendrum viscosum, Imperatacylindrica and Mikania micrantha were dominant tree, shrub, and herb and climber species accordingto Importance value Index (IVI). There is significant difference in density of trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers between different sample quadrats i.e. p value < 0.05. NTFPs found were used for medicine, fodder, food, veterinary, dying, handicrafts, crop management, ornamental, insecticides, construction, beverage, piscicidal, religious and miscellaneous purposes. Calamus tenuis, Curcumalonga, Piper longum, Phyllanthus emblica, Asparagus racemosus, Terminalia bellirica, Terminaliachebula, Bauhinia variegata, Tinospora sinensis and Dryopteris cochleata were ten most preferred Non Timber Forest Products from matrix preference ranking.

Download Full-text

Conflict management strategy adopted in community forestry of Nepal: a study of four community forests in midwestern region

Banko Janakari ◽

10.3126/banko.v18i2.2172 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 44-52

Author(s):

GR Acharya ◽

Y Yasmi

Keyword(s):

Conflict Management ◽

Community Forestry ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Benefit Sharing ◽

User Group ◽

Community Forest ◽

Community Forests ◽

To Come ◽

Conflict Strategy ◽

Forest User

This study focuses on two types of conflicts in Community Forest User Group (CFUG): conflict between User Group Committee (UGC) and user, conflict among users. Users were found impaired from the UGC decisions and their pattern of benefit sharing. Conflict also existed among users. Major strategies adopted to manage conflict were found to be either avoiding or forcing; but avoiding is the most widely used strategy. Moreover compromising and accommodating were found less frequently compared to forcing and collaborating that were rarely used. This study challenges the common perception that community forestry of Nepal is successful in managing its conflict. The findings of this study do not support this claim because collaborating strategy has rarely been used in Community Forest (CF) conflict management. In contrast, this study shows that avoiding and forcing were more commonly used. The greater application of avoiding and forcing strategy in conflict management indicates that CF is still lagging in realizing the best possible option of collaborating. This finding also challenges the effectiveness of the existing conflict management mechanism in CF. This study also suggests collaborating strategy as a better option for managing conflict. On the other hand, this study also reveals that CF is not benefiting the poor of the community. Though, many scholars trumpet CF as a successful programme in Nepal, this study points out that CF has not yet been able to manage its conflicts in a more constructive way. The study also pinpoints short comings of existing conflict management strategies that could be addressed to improve its performance in the days to come. Key words: Benefit sharing, community forestry, conflict, strategy doi: 10.3126/banko.v18i2.2172 Banko Janakari, Vol. 18, No. 2, 44-52

Download Full-text

Value chain analysis of non-timber forest products in Baglung district, Nepal

Banko Janakari ◽

10.3126/banko.v19i2.2983 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 33-41

Author(s):

A Paudel ◽

BP Subedi ◽

S Gyawali ◽

GK Thapa ◽

MB Sharma

Keyword(s):

Resource Management ◽

Value Chain ◽

Forest Products ◽

Value Chains ◽

Community Forest ◽

Non Timber Forest Products ◽

User Groups ◽

Forest User Groups ◽

Community Forest User Groups ◽

Forest User

This study was carried out in five Village Development Committees of Baglung district, Nepal. The main objective was to assess the constraints and opportunities to run the non-timber forest products based enterprises, and to design business solutions to make their value chains more efficient and competitive with the best utilization of the available resources. Primary data were collected through group discussions, key informants interview, informal meetings and direct observations, using open-ended questionnaires and checklists. Similarly, secondary data were gathered from reports and records of community forest user groups, District Forest Office and other organizations. The data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative tools. The identified major constraints concerning the selected value chains are: absence of detailed resource inventory; inadequate knowledge and skills with local people about modern technology and product quality parameters, local resource management policy and sustainable resource harvesting; insufficient finance with local processors; lack of sufficient information about market; and poor infrastructure development. In addition, the study also identified a number of opportunities such as the resource potential and monetary benefits to the local people; financial access through community forest user groups' fund and financial institutions; growing market demand for quality products; involvement of service providers in forest resource management; and supportive policy for employment generation from locally available natural resources. This paper has suggested some business solutions for the effective value chain of selected products. Key words: Business solution; constraints; non-timber forest products; opportunities; value chain DOI: 10.3126/banko.v19i2.2983 Banko Janakari, Vol. 19, No.2 2009 pp.33-41

Download Full-text

Socio-economic Benefits of Non-timber Forest Products to the AFCOE2M Communities of Southern Cameroon

Sustainable Agriculture Research ◽

10.5539/sar.v9n3p30 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 30

Author(s):

R. G. Caspa ◽

G. N. Nyambi ◽

Mbang J. Amang ◽

M. N. Mabe ◽

A. B. Nwegueh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Forest Products ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

P Value ◽

Community Forest ◽

Piper Guineense ◽

Garcinia Kola ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Southern Cameroon ◽

Non Timber Forest Products

A study was carried out in the community forest of Ebo, Medjounou and Mbamesoban communities (AFCOE2M) in the South Region of Cameroon to evaluate the contribution of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to the people’s livelihood. The study identifies the various NTFPs used and further evaluates their socio-economic and cultural contributions in sustaining the livelihood of the AFCOE2M community. Essentially, the study assesses the exploitation and utilization of NTFPs. One Hundred and twenty five (125) individuals were randomly selected in the three villages that make up the AFCOE2M community forest. Fifty two (52) species of NTFPs of plant origin were identified, from which seven (7) were frequently used in all the three villages namely; Irvingia gabonensis, Trichoscypha acuminata, Alstonia boonei, Garcinia kola, Piper guineense, Picralima nitida, and Ricinodendron heudelotii. Results reveal that NTFPs plant parts used for consumption consist of 68% fruits, 20% seeds, 5% barks, 4% roots and 3% leaves. NTFPs used for medicinal purposes comprised of 70% barks, 16% seeds, 7% leaves, 5% fruits and 2% roots. There was a significant difference (P = 0.049) in the number of NTFP types consumed as food while that was not the case for medicinal NTFPs (P = 0.86). There was a significant difference in the number of NTFP species used for food originating from different land use types (P-value = 0.048) as well as between those used for medicinal purposes (P-value = 0.012).

Download Full-text

The issues of oppressed groups’ access to collectively managed resources: an empirical analysis

Banko Janakari ◽

10.3126/banko.v16i1.360 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 25-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bhubaneswor Dhakal

Keyword(s):

Field Survey ◽

External Support ◽

Government Policies ◽

Community Forest ◽

Community Forests ◽

Collective Management ◽

User Groups ◽

Forest User Groups ◽

The Government ◽

Forest User

Oppressed groups’ problem in collective management of resource is examined in the case of Kami’s (Blacksmith) access to charcoal in community forests in Nepal. A field survey shows that almost a half forest user groups have excluded the Kami for charcoal collection. In the government policies, rights of households with special needs are not clearly defined and protected. In an econometric analysis of the user groups, this study identified forest size, group size, intensive external support and groups’ meeting frequency are the factors determining the charcoal distribution in community forests. Key words: Community forest, exclusion, livelihood, protected rights, special need group Banko Janakari Vol.16(1) 2006 pp25-31

Download Full-text

Améliorer la compétitivité du bois de sciage légal en provenance de la zone agroforestière au Cameroun

Afrika Focus ◽

10.21825/af.v28i2.4865 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Romain Kana ◽

Norbert Sonne ◽

Barthelemy Ondua ◽

Patrick Tadjo ◽

Benjamin Ondo

Keyword(s):

Value Chain ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Poverty Reduction ◽

Community Forestry ◽

Rural Poverty ◽

Central Africa ◽

Forest Products ◽

Domestic Market ◽

Community Forest ◽

Community Forests

Since 1997, the year the first community forest in Cameroon was created, sawn wood from community forests has been facing difficulties to find a place in an expanding domestic market. The low competitiveness of community forest products is among the major obstacles to have them help reduce rural poverty as desired in the new forest policies in Central Africa. This article, from the work of the World Wide Fund for Nature team and organizations partners, identifies the factors explaining the low competitiveness of community forests in the domestic market and proposes by way of conclusion some strategies whose implementation will allow community forestry to play its full role in the supply of domestic markets, improving sustainable management of the agroforestry landscape and fostering poverty reduction in rural areas. Key words: wood value chain, artisanal logging, forest policy, community forests

Download Full-text

Kontribusi Pendapatan Hasil Hutan Bukan Kayu pada Usaha Hutan Rakyat Pola Agroforestri di Kabupaten Tasikmalaya

Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan ◽

10.22146/jik.10181 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 23

Author(s):

Dian Diniyati ◽

Budiman Achmad

Keyword(s):

Random Sampling ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Forest Products ◽

Food Plants ◽

Stratified Random Sampling ◽

Community Forest ◽

Community Forests ◽

Level 3 ◽

Level 1 ◽

Level 2

Hutan rakyat tidak hanya menghasilkan kayu akan tetapi juga memberikan hasil hutan bukan kayu (HHBK), malah pada beberapa tempat HHBK ini menjadi primadona. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan data mengenai jumlah kontribusi pendapatan HHBK di hutan rakyat serta permasalahan dan keunggulan pengembangan HHBK. Kegiatan dilaksanakan di Desa Karyabakti Kecamatan Parungponteng Tasikmalaya, pada bulan Juni-Desember 2013. Obyek kajian adalah petani hutan rakyat yang dipilih secara stratified random sampling berdasarkan luas kepemilikan lahan hutan rakyat sebanyak 30 orang. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan cara wawancara dengan menggunakan kuisioner. Selanjutnya data yang terkumpul dianalis secara statistik dan disajikan secara diskriptif. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata responden memiliki lahan seluas 0,374 ha dan paling luas diperuntukkan untuk usaha hutan rakyat yaitu 0,246 ha atau 65,78 %. Pola tanam yang dikembangkan adalah pola agroforestri yaitu percampuran antara tanaman kayu dan HHBK yang merupakan tanaman perkebunan, tanaman buah, tanaman obat dan tanaman pangan. Periode pendapatan dari tanaman HHBK ini adalah mingguan, bulanan dan tahunan. Kontribusi HHBK terhadap total pendapatan hutan rakyat adalah 67,56% (strata 1), 63,93 % (strata 2) dan 75,11 % (strata 3) sedangkan kontribusi tanaman kayu sebesar 32,44 % (strata I), 36,07 % (strata II) dan 24,89 % (strata III). Dengan demikian, kontribusi HHBK setiap tahunnya jauh lebih tinggi namun sayangnya pengembangan HHBK ini belum maksimal, padahal hasilnya masih dapat lebih ditingkatkan. Salah satu kendala pengembangan HHBK adalah aspek budidaya yang diterapkan masih belum sesuai dengan standar operasional prosedur (SOP) dari Kementerian Kehutanan. Untuk itu, maka perlu upaya peningkatan HHBK salah satunya dengan transfer pengetahuan dan teknologi melalui penyuluhan.Kata kunci: hutan rakyat, hasil kayu, HHBK, kontribusi, pendapatan The contribution of income from Non Timber Forest Product to the agroforestry business in community forest in Tasikmalaya RegencyAbstractCommunity forests is not merely producing timbers, but also non timber forest products (NTFPs) which are even more important at several places. The objective of the research was to obtain the data with regard to the advantage of developing NTFPs from community forests and its contribution to income of farmer. This study was conducted at Karyamukti village, Parungponteng Sub-district, Tasikmalaya District from June to December 2013. Thirty forest farmers were selected by stratified random sampling technique based on the size of forest ownership. Questioners were used to support interviews during data collection activities. Collected data were statistically analyzed and presented descriptively. The result showed that respondents own land areas averagely 0.374 ha whereas 0.246 ha or 65.78 % of them were utilized for community forest business. The developed planting system was agroforestry i.e. mixing the timber plants with NTFP plants such as estate, fruity, medicinal, and food plants. The period income gained from NTFP could be weekly, monthly, and annually. Income contributions of NTFPs to total income from farm forest were 67.56 % (level 1), 63.93 % (level 2) and 75.11 % (level 3), while the income contributions of timbers were only 32.44 % (level 1), 36.07 % (level 2), and 24.89 % (level 3). The annual income contribution of NTFPs, therefore, was higher than the one from timbers. The contribution, actually, could be increased if the NTFPs were developed seriously. One constrain in the NTFPs development was the silviculture technique operated by farmers, which did not follow the standard operational procedure (SOP) issued by The Ministry of Agriculture. Based on that condition, efforts to improve NTFPs development by transferring the knowledge and technology through extension are urgently required.

Download Full-text

Growth Performances and Growing Stock of Rattan in the Community Managed Forests of Nepal

Journal of Advanced Academic Research ◽

10.3126/jaar.v7i1.35469 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 70-82

Author(s):

Chhote Lal Chowdhary ◽

I.C. Dutta

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Medium Size ◽

Managed Forests ◽

Community Forest ◽

Community Forests ◽

Growing Stock ◽

User Groups ◽

Forest User Groups ◽

Community Forest User Groups ◽

Forest User

Calamus tenuis Roxb, the economically potential rattan species, has been increasing in the community managed forests. Quantitative and qualitative information was collected in 2016 and 2017. The research was carried out in 20 Community Forest User Groups of Kailali and Bardiya district. Growing stock was measured using stratified random sampling in the community forests, followed by socio-economic information through semi-structured questionnaire to 526 respondentsincluding focus group discussions with executive member of community forest user groups. The study found that average growth of Calamus tenuis in the community forests was 0.85 cms per year, the maximum growth attained up to 2.5 meter per year if they get associated trees to climb on. It’ is a clumpy palm, producing 3-7 rhizomes in one year and reaches up to 25 rhizomes in 3-4 years period. There are 15 to 25percent immature culms in a clump with estimate the number of clumps per hectare in managed rattan forest are 200 to 500. Growing stock is estimated from 38,860 to 39,560 per hectare in the community forest comprising about 57 percent large size, 19 percent medium size and 24percent regeneration. The mean length was measured 5.80 meter and mean diameter 9.29 mm. Weight difference of rattan with and without leaf sheath is 25 percent, reduction in oven dry weight is 75.9 percent, and air dry weight is 32 percent. More than 20 CFUGs have produced natural rattan in the community forests of Kailali and Bardiya districts. By the number of CFUGs, Bardiya district has more than 19 CFUGs and Kailali district has one CFUG managing natural rattan. Total estimated production of rattan in both districts is over 250 metric ton. Harvesting is restricted due to limitation of provision of Initial Environment Examination (IEE). According to these conditions, CFUGs should have get approval the detail IEE. None of the CFUGS have prepared the IEE. In such a condition, CFUGs can only harvest less than five quintal (5000 kg) rattan as per approved FOP. The study concludes that despite site quality remains constant, the associated tree species to climb them are encouraging factor. Detail growing stock needs to be incorporated in the rattan management plan / forest operational plan to mainstream in the process.

Download Full-text