scholarly journals An Intersection of Racism and Sexism in Toni Morrison’s Sula

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-105
Author(s):  
Samrakshika Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Political Instability ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Female Empowerment ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Female Friendship ◽  
Female Bonding ◽  
Women's Relationships ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

This study analyzes female friendship in Sula and also focuses on the impact of race, class and gender on women’s relationships. The novel emphasizes how women face the challenges of patriarchal institutions and other attempts to subjugate through polygamy, constraints of tradition, caste prejudice and political instability. Thus, the chief aim of this study is to show how the black women are treated unfairly and suffer from male domination within their community also. The study portrays the healing powers of female bonding, which allows women to overcome prejudice and survival, to enjoy female empowerment, selfhood establishment and to extend female friendship into female solidarity that participates in nation building. However, another conclusion focuses on the patriarchy which constitutes a threat to female bonding and usually causes women’s estrangement.   

scholarly journals Male fertility concerns during COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 55-58
Author(s):  
Sutapa Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Male Reproductive Health ◽  
The Impact

Since its incidence in December 2019, the novel coronavirus, named “Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2” (SARS-CoV-2), has undergone excessively rapid human-to-human transmission throughout the globe and remains still unabated. The worldwide uncontrolled expansion of the disease coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pursued the World Health Organization to declare it a pandemic on March 11, 2020. The untiring efforts of scientists, clinicians, and researchers have increased our awareness about the pathophysiology of COVID-19 although much of it is shrouded with ambiguity. The wide spectrum of the disease in terms of severity, mortality, age and gender biases, physiological manifestations, and responses adds up to the complications. Of particular concern is the impact of COVID-19 on male reproductive health and fertility outcomes. The present article discusses some of the emerging multiple facets rendering the male reproductive system vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or associated pathological mechanisms.

scholarly journals Deaths, Disparities, and Cumulative (Dis)Advantage: How Social Inequities Produce an Impairment Paradox in Later Life

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heide Jackson ◽  
Michal Engelman
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Functional Limitations ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Functional Health ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Research on health across the life course consistently documents widening racial and socioeconomic disparities from childhood through adulthood, followed by stabilization or convergence in later life. This pattern appears to contradict expectations set by cumulative (dis)advantage (CAD) theory. Informed by the punctuated equilibrium perspective, we examine the relationship between midlife health and subsequent health change and mortality and consider the impact of earlier socioeconomic exposures on observed disparities. Methods Using the Health and Retirement Study, we characterize the functional impairment histories of a nationally-representative sample of 8,464 older adults between 1994-2016. We employ non-parametric and discrete outcome multinomial logistic regression to examine the competing risks of mortality, health change, and attrition. Results Exposures to disadvantages are associated with poorer functional health in midlife and mortality. However, a higher number of functional limitations in midlife is negatively associated with the accumulation of subsequent limitations for white men and women and for Black women. The impact of educational attainment, occupation, wealth, and marriage on later life health differs across race and gender groups. Conclusions Observed stability or convergence in later-life functional health disparities is not a departure from the dynamics posited by CAD, but rather a result of the differential impact of racial and socioeconomic inequities on mortality and health at older ages. Higher exposure to disadvantages and a lower protective impact of advantageous exposures lead to higher mortality among Black Americans, a pattern which masks persistent health inequities later in life.

scholarly journals Child’s Developmental Disabilities and Parental Health in Later Life: Do Parental Race and Gender Matter?

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 312-313
Author(s):  
Juha Lee ◽  
Manjing Gao ◽  
Chioun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Early Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Parental Health ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Parents, particularly mothers, who experienced early life adversities (ELAs) are more likely to have a child with developmental disabilities (DD). We have little knowledge about how parental health varies across race-gender groups among those with a DD child and the role of ELAs in the associations. Using Black and White adults (n = 8,778; 25% Blacks) from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study, we examine racial disparities in the impact of having a child with DD (vs. having healthy children) on parental health outcomes. This study questions (1) the extent to which parents’ ELAs (e.g., poverty and abuse) are associated with having a child with DD and (2) how considering early-life factors reveals racial and gender disparities in the impact of having a child with DD. We found that as the number of ELAs increases, the probability of having a healthy child decreases for all race-gender groups, but most dramatically for Black women. Having a DD has adverse effects on chronic illnesses and functional limitations more for mothers than fathers. Black women are most adversely affected, with no effect on Black men. There is no gender difference in the impact of having a DD child on depressive symptoms, yet White parents are more vulnerable than Black parents. After controlling for ELAs, the adverse effects of having a DD child on both physical and mental health remain significant. Future research should identify life-course circumstances that reveal why the impact of having a DD child varies by race and gender.

scholarly journals A Study of Alienation in Toni Morrison’s Sula: Passive Patriarchy, Marriage and Female Friendship

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 322-328
Author(s):  
Dr. Shabeer Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Ilyas Mahmood ◽  
Sajid Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Female Friendship ◽  
Female Bonding ◽  
Social Pressures ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Healing Power

This paper discusses the theme of alienation and female friendship in black women in Toni Morrison’s fiction. The female bonding is a possible way to deal with alienation which is caused by various factors as racial and social discriminations. This female bonding provides back women necessary support for mutual growth and assists them in combating various social pressures. However, it is argued here that this female friendship of black women in Morrison suffers from alienation in the long run. While foregrounding the healing power of female bonding which may allow women to survive under exploitation of various kinds, this paper brings for an argument that this female companionship nevertheless is corrupted by the power of explicit or implicit patriarchal forces working under the umbrella of social institutions of class and marriage. Hence the black women need to be on guard against all those forces which endanger the consistency of their mutual companionship.

scholarly journals Palimpasestic Images of Landscape, Gender, and Ethnicity in Toni Morrison’s A Mercy

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Hayat Ali Marwan
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Alice Walker ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Separate Layer ◽  
American Landscape ◽  
Multiple Voices ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender ◽  
The Way

This study explores Morrison’s A Mercy as a palimpsest, both in terms of its adoption of multiple narrators and in the way, landscape is layered with vestiges of history, myths, and most importantly, with traces of black women creativity. Reading landscape in Morrison’s novel as a multi-textured palimpsest entails an assessment of the interplay of ethnicity and gender in the novel. This study finds in Alice Walker’s employment of the symbolic connotations of the “garden” to depict the creativity of black women discussed in her book In Search of Our Mother’s Garden (1984) a theoretical framework for interpreting Florens’s creativity in reading the land and the development of her identity in relation to the natural realm. This study also explores the palimpsestic aspects in Morrison’s text both synchronically and diachronically. The diachronic aspect examines the way Morrison’s A Mercy delves into history towards earlier representations of the American landscape and shows how her text reads and overwrites others. As a model of intertextuality, the palimpsest enables Morrison to overwrite the writings of American Transcendental figures such as Emerson and Thoreau, who have gained precedence in writing and visualizing the American landscape. Conversely, the synchronic angle addresses the implications of Morrison’s adoption of multiple voices, which are laid over each other and either rival or endorse each other in the form of a palimpsest. Reading each experience as a separate layer reveals other minor embedded layers that surface through Morrison’s stylistic language and evocation of smells and colours.

scholarly journals Effects of the COVID-19 Recession on the US Labor Market: Occupation, Family, and Gender

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-24
Author(s):  
Stefania Albanesi ◽  
Jiyeon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Family Status ◽  
Time Data ◽  
The Us ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

The economic crisis associated with the emergence of the novel corona virus is unlike standard recessions. Demand for workers in high contact and inflexible service occupations has declined while parental supply of labor has been reduced by lack of access to reliable child care and in-person schooling options. This has led to a substantial and persistent drop in employment and labor force participation for women, who are typically less affected by recessions than men. We examine real-time data on employment, unemployment, labor force participation and gross job flows to document the impact of the pandemic by occupation, gender and family status. We also discuss the potential long-term implications of this crisis, including the role of automation in depressing the recovery of employment for the worst hit service occupations.

scholarly journals Structural Gendered Racism Revealed in Pandemic Times: Intersectional Approaches to Understanding Race and Gender Health Inequities in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 089124322110013
Author(s):  
Whitney N. Laster Pirtle ◽  
Tashelle Wright
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Women Of Color ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Gendered Racism ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
The Veil ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact

The pandemic reveals; the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has brought the historically rooted inequities of our society to the forefront. We argue that an intersectional analysis is needed to further help peel back the veil that the pandemic has begun to reveal. We identify structural gendered racism—the totality of interconnectedness between structural racism and structural sexism in shaping race and gender inequities—as a root cause of health problems among Black women and other women of color, which has been amplified during the pandemic. We show that women of color occupy disadvantaged positions within households, occupations, and health care institutions, and therefore face heightened risk for COVID-19 and lowered resources for mitigating the impact of the deadly virus. Intersectional analyses and solutions must be centered to also reveal, we hope, a new way forward.

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