scholarly journals RESEARCH ON TRADITIONAL SPATIAL STRUCTURE AND SPACE CHANGE ABOUT NAXI VILLAGE AND RESIDENCE IN YONGNING TOWN, YUNNAN PROVINCE

2014 ◽  
Vol 79 (696) ◽  
pp. 373-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu FENG ◽  
Juichi YAMAZAKI
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Yunnan Province

scholarly journals Spatial Structure Characteristics of Slope Farmland Quality in Plateau Mountain Area: A Case Study of Yunnan Province, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 7230
Author(s):  
Zhengfa Chen ◽  
Dongmei Shi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Mountain Region ◽  
Cold Spot ◽  
Structure Characteristics ◽  
Spot Area ◽  
Slope Farmland ◽  
Southern Fringe

As an important part of farmland, the slope farmland is widely distributed in the central and western plateau mountain region in China. It is necessary to scientifically evaluate the slope farmland quality (SFQ) and analyze the spatial structure characteristics of SFQ to ensure reasonable utilization and partition protection of slope farmland resources. This paper takes the typical plateau mountain region—Yunnan Province in China—as an example and systematically identifies the leading factors of SFQ. The sloping integrated fertility index (SIFI) is adopted to reflect the SFQ. The evaluation system is built to quantitatively evaluate the SFQ and the spatial structure characteristics of SFQ were analyzed by a geostatistical model, autocorrelation analysis and spatial cold–hot spot analysis. The results show that the SFQ indexes in Yunnan Province are between 0.36 and 0.81, with a mean of 0.59. The SFQ grade is based on sixth-class, fifth-class, seventh-class and fourth-class land. The SFQ indexes present a normal spatial distribution, and the Gaussian model fits well with the semi-variance function of the spatial distribution of SFQ indexes. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of SFQ indexes is moderately autocorrelated. The structural factors play a major role in the spatial heterogeneity of SFQ indexes, but the influence of random factors should not be ignored. The spatial distribution of SFQ grades has a significant spatial aggregation characteristic, and the types of local indicators of spatial association (LISA) are based on high–high (HH) aggregation and low–low (LL) aggregation. The cold spot and hot spot distributions of SFQ grades display the significant spatial difference. The hot spot area is mainly distributed in Central Yunnan and the Southern Fringe, while the cold spot area mainly distributes in the Northeastern Yunnan, Northwestern Yunnan and Southwestern Yunnan. This study could provide a scientific basis for SFQ management and ecological environment protection in the plateau mountain region.

scholarly journals Study on the Microscopic Characteristics of Ferruginous cement of Banguo Earth Forest in Yuan mou area, Yunnan, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-198
Author(s):  
Penghui Luo ◽  
Shitao Zhang ◽  
Yimin Tian ◽  
Fei Ding ◽  
Zongming Xu
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
The Self ◽  
Column Height ◽  
Curing Agent ◽  
Iron Compounds ◽  
Dispersed Particles

The column height of earth forest is generally 8~30m in yuanmou county of yunnan province, which is far higher than the self-supporting height of general soil column. Ferruginous cement is an important reason for formation of the tall and erect columnar soil. Macroscopic physical and mechanical tests confirmed that the strength of the stratum containing ferruginous cement was much higher than that of the formation without ferruginous cement. The microstructure and morphology of ferruginous cement were analyzed by SEM and EDS. It is found that ferruginous cement is mainly composed of iron compounds and clay minerals, which only exists in certain stratum. In the process of growth, Iron compounds chemically bond with clay minerals during growth to form ferruginous cements, which first form unique sphere on the surface of particles or clay minerals. It then clumps together and fills the spaces between the particles. Finally, the dispersed particles are connected together to form a stable lamellar spatial structure, which greatly improves the strength of the soil. Through the study of ferruginous cement, the mechanism of this natural curing agent is understood, which enriches the research content in this field.

scholarly journals Polymorphism analysis of propeller domain of k13 gene in Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri isolates original infection from Myanmar and Africa in Yunnan Province, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengni Chen ◽  
Ying Dong ◽  
Yan Deng ◽  
Yanchun Xu ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Spatial Model ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Peptide Chain ◽  
Base Substitution ◽  
Plasmodium Ovale ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Mutant Type ◽  
Double Base

Abstract Background: 19 imported ovale malaria patients have been reported in Yunnan Province, China over the past eight years. All of them have been confirmed by morphological examination and 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (18S rRNA) based PCR in YNRL. Nevertheless, the subtypes of P. ovale could not be identified based on 18S rRNA gene test, thus posing challenges on its accurate diagnosis. To help establish a more sensitive and specific method for the detection of P. ovale genes, the present study performs sequence analysis on k13-propeller polymorphisms in P. ovale. Methods: The dried blood spots (DBS) of ovale malaria patients in Yunnan Province were collected from January 2013 to December 2018, and the infection sources were confirmed according to epidemiological investigation. The DNAs were extracted, and the coding region (from 206th aa to 725th aa) in k13 gene propeller domain was amplified using nested PCR. Subsequently, the amplified products were sequenced and compared with reference sequence to obtain CDS. The haplotypes and mutation loci of the CDS were analyzed, and the spatial structure of the amino acid peptide chain of k13 gene propeller domain was predicted by SWISS-MODEL.Results: The coding region from 224th aa to 725th aa of k13 gene from P. ovale in 83.3% of collected samples (15/18) were amplified. Three haplotypes CDS were observed in 15 samples, and the values of Ka / Ks, nucleic acid diversity index (π) and expected heterozygosity (He) were 3.784, 0.0095, and 0.4250. Curtisi haplotype, Wallikeri haplotype, and mutant type accounted for 73.3% (11/15), 20.0% (3/15), and 6.7% (1/15). The predominant haplotypes of P. ovale curtisi were determined in all five Myanmar isolates. Of the ten African isolates, six were identified as P. ovale curtisi, three were P. ovale wallikeri and one was mutant type. Base substitutions between the sequences of P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri were determined at 38 loci, such as c.711. Moreover, the A> T base substitution at c.1428 was a nonsynonymous mutation, resulting in amino acid variation of T476S in the 476th position. Compared with sequence of P. ovale wallikeri, the double nonsynonymous mutations of G> A and A> T at the sites of c.1186 and c.1428 leads to the variations of D396N and T476S for the 396th and 476th amino acids positions. For P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri, the peptide chains in the coding region from 224th aa to 725th aa of k13 gene merely formed a monomeric spatial model, whereas the double-variant peptide chains of D396N and T476S formed homodimeric spatial model.Conclusion: The propeller domain of k13 gene in the P. ovale isolates imported into Yunnan Province from Myanmar and Africa showed high differentiation. The sequences of Myanmar-imported isolates belong to P. ovale curtisi, while the sequences of African isolates showed the sympatric distribution from P. ovale curtisi, P. ovale wallikeri and mutant isolates. The CDS with a double base substitution formed a dimeric spatial model to encode the peptide chain, which is completely different from the monomeric spatial structure to encode the peptide chain from P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri.

scholarly journals Polymorphism analysis of propeller domain of k13 gene in Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri isolates original infection from Myanmar and Africa in Yunnan Province, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengni Chen ◽  
Ying Dong ◽  
Yan Deng ◽  
Yanchun Xu ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Spatial Model ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Peptide Chain ◽  
Base Substitution ◽  
Plasmodium Ovale ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Mutant Type ◽  
Double Base

Abstract Background Eighteen imported ovale malaria cases imported from Myanmar and various African countries have been reported in Yunnan Province, China from 2013 to 2018. All of them have been confirmed by morphological examination and 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (18S rRNA) based PCR in YNRL. Nevertheless, the subtypes of Plasmodium ovale could not be identified based on 18S rRNA gene test, thus posing challenges on its accurate diagnosis. To help establish a more sensitive and specific method for the detection of P. ovale genes, this study performs sequence analysis on k13-propeller polymorphisms in P. ovale. Methods Dried blood spots (DBS) from ovale malaria cases were collected from January 2013 to December 2018, and the infection sources were confirmed according to epidemiological investigation. DNA was extracted, and the coding region (from 206th aa to 725th aa) in k13 gene propeller domain was amplified using nested PCR. Subsequently, the amplified products were sequenced and compared with reference sequence to obtain CDS. The haplotypes and mutation loci of the CDS were analysed, and the spatial structure of the amino acid peptide chain of k13 gene propeller domain was predicted by SWISS-MODEL.Results The coding region from 224th aa to 725th aa of k13 gene from P. ovale in 83.3% of collected samples (15/18) were amplified. Three haplotypes were observed in 15 samples, and the values of Ka / Ks, nucleic acid diversity index (π) and expected heterozygosity (He) were 3.784, 0.0095, and 0.4250. Curtisi haplotype, Wallikeri haplotype, and mutant type accounted for 73.3% (11/15), 20.0% (3/15), and 6.7% (1/15). The predominant haplotypes of P. ovale curtisi were determined in all five Myanmar isolates. Of the ten African isolates, six were identified as P. o. curtisi, three were P. o. wallikeri and one was mutant type. Base substitutions between the sequences of P. o. curtisi and P. o. wallikeri were determined at 38 loci, such as c.711. Moreover, the A > T base substitution at c.1428 was a nonsynonymous mutation, resulting in amino acid variation of T476S in the 476th position. Compared with sequence of P. o. wallikeri, the double nonsynonymous mutations of G > A and A > T at the sites of c.1186 and c.1428 leads to the variations of D396N and T476S for the 396th and 476th amino acids positions. For P. o. curtisi and P. o. wallikeri, the peptide chains in the coding region from 224th aa to 725th aa of k13 gene merely formed a monomeric spatial model, whereas the double-variant peptide chains of D396N and T476S formed homodimeric spatial model.Conclusion The propeller domain of k13 gene in the P. ovale isolates imported into Yunnan Province from Myanmar and Africa showed high differentiation. The sequences of Myanmar-imported isolates belong to P. o. curtisi, while the sequences of African isolates showed the sympatric distribution from P. o. curtisi, P. o. wallikeri and mutant isolates. The CDS with a double base substitution formed a dimeric spatial model to encode the peptide chain, which is completely different from the monomeric spatial structure to encode the peptide chain from P. o. curtisi and P. o. wallikeri.

scholarly journals Polymorphism analysis of propeller domain of k13 gene in Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri isolates original infection from Myanmar and Africa in Yunnan Province, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengni Chen ◽  
Ying Dong ◽  
Yan Deng ◽  
Yanchun Xu ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Spatial Model ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Peptide Chain ◽  
Base Substitution ◽  
Plasmodium Ovale ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Mutant Type ◽  
Double Base

Abstract Background: Nineteen imported ovale malaria patients have been reported in Yunnan Province, China over the past eight years. All of them have been confirmed by morphological examination and 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (18S rRNA) based PCR in YNRL. Nevertheless, the subtypes of P. ovale could not be identified based on 18SrRNA gene test, thus posing challenges on its accurate diagnosis. To help establish a more sensitive and specific method for the detection of P. ovale genes, this study performs sequence analysis on k13-propeller polymorphisms in P. ovale. Methods:The dried blood spots (DBS) of ovale malaria patients in Yunnan Province were collected from January 2013 to December 2018, and the infection sources were confirmed according to epidemiological investigation. The DNAs were extracted, and the coding region (from 206th aa to 725th aa) in k13 gene propeller domain was amplified using nested PCR. Subsequently, the amplified products were sequenced and compared with reference sequence to obtain CDS. The haplotypes and mutation loci of the CDS were analyzed, and the spatial structure of the amino acid peptide chain of k13 gene propeller domain was predicted by SWISS-MODEL. Results:The coding region from 224th aa to 725th aa of k13 gene from P. ovale in 83.3% of collected samples (15/18) were amplified. Three haplotypes were observed in 15 samples, and the values of Ka / Ks, nucleic acid diversity index (π) and expected heterozygosity (He) were 3.784, 0.0095, and 0.4250. Curtisi haplotype, Wallikeri haplotype, and mutant type accounted for 73.3% (11/15), 20.0% (3/15), and 6.7% (1/15). The predominant haplotypes of P. ovale curtisi were determined in all five Myanmar isolates. Of the ten African isolates, six were identified as P. ovale curtisi, three were P. ovale wallikeri and one was mutant type. Base substitutions between the sequences of P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri were determined at 38 loci, such as c.711. Moreover, the A > T base substitution at c.1428 was a nonsynonymous mutation, resulting in amino acid variation of T476S in the 476th position. Compared with sequence of P. ovale wallikeri, the double nonsynonymous mutations of G > A and A > T at the sites of c.1186 and c.1428 leads to the variations of D396N and T476S for the 396th and 476th amino acids positions. For P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri, the peptide chains in the coding region from 224th aa to 725th aa of k13 gene merely formed a monomeric spatial model, whereas the double-variant peptide chains of D396N and T476S formed homodimeric spatial model. Conclusion:The propeller domain of k13 gene in the P. ovale isolates imported into Yunnan Province from Myanmar and Africa showed high differentiation. The sequences of Myanmar-imported isolates belong to P. ovale curtisi, while the sequences of African isolates showed the sympatric distribution from P. ovale curtisi,P. ovale wallikeri and mutant isolates. The CDS with a double base substitution formed a dimeric spatial model to encode the peptide chain, which is completely different from the monomeric spatial structure to encode the peptide chain from P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri.

scholarly journals Polymorphism analysis of propeller domain of k13 gene in Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri isolates original infection from Myanmar and Africa in Yunnan Province, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengni Chen ◽  
Ying Dong ◽  
Yan Deng ◽  
Yanchun Xu ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Spatial Model ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Cdna Sequence ◽  
Peptide Chain ◽  
Base Substitution ◽  
Plasmodium Ovale ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Blood Samples

Abstract Background: More than 20 cases of imported ovale malaria patients have been diagnosed and reported in Yunnan Province over the past eight years. By applying morphological examination and 18ss RNA gene analysis of P. ovale , more than 90% of the cases have achieved definite diagnosis. Nevertheless, some cases with observation of typical P. ovale morphology could be identified as the other Plasmodium species based on 18ss RNA gene test, thusly posing challenges on the accurate diagnosis of malaria. To help establish a more sensitive and specific method for the detecting of P. ovale genes, the present study performs sequence analysis on k13-propeller polymorphisms in P. ovale.Methods: The blood samples of ovale malaria patients in Yunnan Province were collected from January 2013 to August 2019, and the infection sources were confirmed according to epidemiological investigation. The DNAs of P. ovale were extracted, and the coding region (from 206 th aa to 725 th aa) in k13 gene propeller domain was amplified using nested PCR. Subsequently, the amplified products were sequenced and compared with reference sequence to obtain cDNA sequence. The haplotypes and mutation loci of the cDNA sequence were analyzed, and the spatial structure of the amino acid peptide chain of k13 gene propeller domain was predicted by using SWISS-MODEL database ( www.swissmodel.expasy.org/interactive ).Results: Of the 18 collected blood samples of ovale malaria patients, the coding region from 224 th aa to 725 th aa of k13 gene from P. ovale in 83.3% of the samples (15/18) were amplified and the amplified products were around 1732 bp in length. 15 cDNA sequences were obtained. Three haplotypes were observed in these sequences, and the values of Ka / Ks, nucleic acid diversity index (π) and expected heterozygosity (He) were 3.784, 0.0095, and 0.4250, respectively. Curtisi haplotype, Wallikeri haplotype, and mutant type accounted for 73.3% (11/15), 20.0% (3/15), and 6.7% (1/15), respectively. The predominant haplotypes of P. ovale curtisi were determined in all six Myanmar isolates yielded. Of the nine African isolates, six were identified as P. ovale curtisi ; and three were P. ovale wallikeri . Base substitutions between the sequences of P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri were determined at 38 loci, such as c.711. Moreover, the A> T base substitution at c.1426 is a nonsynonymous mutation, resulting in amino acid variation of T476S in the 476 th position. Compared with sequence of P. ovale wallikeri , the double nonsynonymous mutations of G> A and A> T at the sites of c.1186 and c.1426 leads to the variations of D396N and T476S for the 396 th and 476 th amino acids positions, respectively. For P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri , the peptide chains in the coding region from 224 th aa to 725 th aa of k13 gene merely formed a monomeric spatial model, whereas the double-variant peptide chains of D396N and T476S formed homodimeric spatial model.Conclusion: The propeller domain of k13 gene in the Plasmodium ovale isolates imported into Yunnan Province from Myanmar and Africa showed high differentiation. The sequences of Myanmar-imported isolates belong to P. ovale curtisi , while the sequences of African isolates showed the sympatric distribution from P. ovale curtis i, P. ovale wallikeri and mutant isolates. The cDNA sequence with a double base substitution formed a dimeric spatial model to encode the peptide chain, which is completely different from the monomeric spatial structure to encode the peptide chain from P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri .

scholarly journals Polymorphism analysis of propeller domain of k13 gene in Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri isolates original infection from Myanmar and Africa in Yunnan Province, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengni Chen ◽  
Ying Dong ◽  
Yan Deng ◽  
Yanchun Xu ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Spatial Model ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Peptide Chain ◽  
Base Substitution ◽  
Plasmodium Ovale ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Mutant Type ◽  
Double Base

Abstract Background: 19 imported ovale malaria patients have been reported in Yunnan Province, China over the past eight years. All of them have been confirmed by morphological examination and 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (18S rRNA) based PCR in YNRL. Nevertheless, the subtypes of P. ovale could not be identified based on 18S rRNA gene test, thus posing challenges on its accurate diagnosis. To help establish a more sensitive and specific method for the detection of P. ovale genes, this study performs sequence analysis on k13-propeller polymorphisms in P. ovale. Methods: The dried blood spots (DBS) of ovale malaria patients in Yunnan Province were collected from January 2013 to December 2018, and the infection sources were confirmed according to epidemiological investigation. The DNAs were extracted, and the coding region (from 206th aa to 725th aa) in k13 gene propeller domain was amplified using nested PCR. Subsequently, the amplified products were sequenced and compared with reference sequence to obtain CDS. The haplotypes and mutation loci of the CDS were analyzed, and the spatial structure of the amino acid peptide chain of k13 gene propeller domain was predicted by SWISS-MODEL.Results: The coding region from 224th aa to 725th aa of k13 gene from P. ovale in 83.3% of collected samples (15/18) were amplified. Three haplotypes CDS were observed in 15 samples, and the values of Ka / Ks, nucleic acid diversity index (π) and expected heterozygosity (He) were 3.784, 0.0095, and 0.4250. Curtisi haplotype, Wallikeri haplotype, and mutant type accounted for 73.3% (11/15), 20.0% (3/15), and 6.7% (1/15). The predominant haplotypes of P. ovale curtisi were determined in all five Myanmar isolates. Of the ten African isolates, six were identified as P. ovale curtisi, three were P. ovale wallikeri and one was mutant type. Base substitutions between the sequences of P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri were determined at 38 loci, such as c.711. Moreover, the A> T base substitution at c.1428 was a nonsynonymous mutation, resulting in amino acid variation of T476S in the 476th position. Compared with sequence of P. ovale wallikeri, the double nonsynonymous mutations of G> A and A> T at the sites of c.1186 and c.1428 leads to the variations of D396N and T476S for the 396th and 476th amino acids positions. For P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri, the peptide chains in the coding region from 224th aa to 725th aa of k13 gene merely formed a monomeric spatial model, whereas the double-variant peptide chains of D396N and T476S formed homodimeric spatial model.Conclusion: The propeller domain of k13 gene in the P. ovale isolates imported into Yunnan Province from Myanmar and Africa showed high differentiation. The sequences of Myanmar-imported isolates belong to P. ovale curtisi, while the sequences of African isolates showed the sympatric distribution from P. ovale curtisi, P. ovale wallikeri and mutant isolates. The CDS with a double base substitution formed a dimeric spatial model to encode the peptide chain, which is completely different from the monomeric spatial structure to encode the peptide chain from P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri.

scholarly journals Polymorphism analysis of propeller domain of k13 gene in Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri isolates original infection from Myanmar and Africa in Yunnan Province, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengni Chen ◽  
Ying Dong ◽  
Yan Deng ◽  
Yanchun Xu ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Spatial Model ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Peptide Chain ◽  
Base Substitution ◽  
Plasmodium Ovale ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Mutant Type ◽  
Double Base

Abstract Background: 19 imported ovale malaria patients have been reported in Yunnan Province, China over the past eight years. All of them have been confirmed by morphological examination and 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (18S rRNA) based PCR in YNRL. Nevertheless, the subtypes of P. ovale could not be identified based on 18S rRNA gene test, thus posing challenges on its accurate diagnosis. To help establish a more sensitive and specific method for the detection of P. ovale genes, the present study performs sequence analysis on k13-propeller polymorphisms in P. ovale. Methods: The dried blood spots (DBS) of ovale malaria patients in Yunnan Province were collected from January 2013 to December 2018, and the infection sources were confirmed according to epidemiological investigation. The DNAs were extracted, and the coding region (from 206th aa to 725th aa) in k13 gene propeller domain was amplified using nested PCR. Subsequently, the amplified products were sequenced and compared with reference sequence to obtain CDS. The haplotypes and mutation loci of the CDS were analyzed, and the spatial structure of the amino acid peptide chain of k13 gene propeller domain was predicted by SWISS-MODEL.Results: The coding region from 224th aa to 725th aa of k13 gene from P. ovale in 83.3% of collected samples (15/18) were amplified. Three haplotypes CDS were observed in 15 samples, and the values of Ka / Ks, nucleic acid diversity index (π) and expected heterozygosity (He) were 3.784, 0.0095, and 0.4250. Curtisi haplotype, Wallikeri haplotype, and mutant type accounted for 73.3% (11/15), 20.0% (3/15), and 6.7% (1/15). The predominant haplotypes of P. ovale curtisi were determined in all five Myanmar isolates. Of the ten African isolates, six were identified as P. ovale curtisi, three were P. ovale wallikeri and one was mutant type. Base substitutions between the sequences of P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri were determined at 38 loci, such as c.711. Moreover, the A> T base substitution at c.1428 was a nonsynonymous mutation, resulting in amino acid variation of T476S in the 476th position. Compared with sequence of P. ovale wallikeri, the double nonsynonymous mutations of G> A and A> T at the sites of c.1186 and c.1428 leads to the variations of D396N and T476S for the 396th and 476th amino acids positions. For P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri, the peptide chains in the coding region from 224th aa to 725th aa of k13 gene merely formed a monomeric spatial model, whereas the double-variant peptide chains of D396N and T476S formed homodimeric spatial model.Conclusion: The propeller domain of k13 gene in the P. ovale isolates imported into Yunnan Province from Myanmar and Africa showed high differentiation. The sequences of Myanmar-imported isolates belong to P. ovale curtisi, while the sequences of African isolates showed the sympatric distribution from P. ovale curtisi, P. ovale wallikeri and mutant isolates. The CDS with a double base substitution formed a dimeric spatial model to encode the peptide chain, which is completely different from the monomeric spatial structure to encode the peptide chain from P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri.

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