scholarly journals Self pollination in peach

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Szabó ◽  
J. Nyéki
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
The Self ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Proper Sense ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
The Usa

The peach is though considered to be a self fertile fruit species, also some self sterile and male sterile varieties have been registered. The latter type seems to be frequently met in Asian varieties, whereas in the USA and Europe, J. H. Hale and Flaminia are grown. The purpose of the present study was the assessment of fertility relations of peaches and nectarines grown in Hungary. The authors studied, since 1974, more than 100 different peach and nectarine varieties as for fertility relations, especially their autogamous or geitonogamous fruit set on isolated, i.e. bagged flowers at bud stage, then set free after blooming finished. Isolated flowers of some varieties were also self pollinated, artificially. According to the results the varieties have been assigned to four alternative groups. Self sterile varieties in the proper sense have not been found, but partial self sterility (less than 10% fruit set), self fertility (10 to 20% fruit set) and high self fertility (more than 20% fruit set on selfed flovters) was generally met. The majority of the varieties belonged to the last two groups, nevertheless. the rate of fruit set displayed seasonal variation, the maximum was in one case 89.9%. The purposeful self (hand)pollination of the isolated flowers increased fruit set, substantially. Varieties rated as partially self-sterile are J. H. Hale and Fuzador (the former being partially male sterile too). Although in some years and some varieties, fruit set legged below 10% but according to the means the majority of nectarines are assigned to the self fertile category whereas most peach varieties, either for fresh consumption or industrial types, were highly self fertile.  

scholarly journals Poor fruit set due to lack of pollinators in Aristolochia manshuriensis (Aristolochiaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Olga V. Nakonechnaya ◽  
Olga G. Koren ◽  
Vasilii S. Sidorenko ◽  
Sergey A. Shabalin ◽  
Tatyana O. Markova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Limitation ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Aristolochia Manshuriensis

Background and aims – Interactions of insects with trap flowers of Aristolochia manshuriensis, a relic woody liana with fragmented natural populations from south-eastern Russia, were studied. Pollination experiments were conducted to identify the causes of the poor fruit set in this plant.Material and methods – The study was carried out at two ex situ sites within the natural range of A. manshuriensis in the suburban zone of the city of Vladivostok (Russia). The floral morphology was examined to verify how it may affect the process of pollination in this species. To test for a probability of self-pollination, randomly selected flowers at the female phase of anthesis (day 1 of limb opening) were hand-pollinated with pollen from the same plant. The daily insect visitation was studied. The pollen limitation coefficient and the number of visitors to the flowers were determined. To identify insects that lay eggs on the flowers, the insects were reared from eggs collected from fallen flowers. Both caught and reared insects were identified.Key results – The floral morphology and the colour pattern of A. manshuriensis are adapted to temporarily trap insects of a certain size. The hand-pollination experiment showed that flowers of this plant are capable of self-pollination by geitonogamy and require a pollinator for successful pollination. The positive value (2.64) for the pollen limitation coefficient indicates a higher fruit set after hand-pollination compared to the control without pollination. The number of visitors to the flowers was low (0.17 visitors per flower per day). Insects from three orders were observed on the flowers: Diptera (up to 90.9%), Coleoptera (8.3%), and Hymenoptera (0.8%). Four species of flies (Scaptomyza pallida, Drosophila transversa (Drosophilidae), Botanophila fugax, and Botanophila sp. 1 (Anthomyiidae)) are capable of transferring up to 2500–4000 pollen grains on their bodies and can be considered as pollinators of A. manshuriensis. Data of the rearing experiment indicate that flies of the families Drosophilidae (S. pallida, D. transversa), Chloropidae (Elachiptera tuberculifera, E. sibirica, and Conioscinella divitis), and Anthomyiidae (B. fugax, B. sp. 1) use A. manshuriensis flowers to lay eggs. Beetles were also collected from the flowers, but they were probably not involved in pollination, because no pollen grains were observed on them during our study.Conclusions – Pollinators of A. manshuriensis include mainly Diptera that lay eggs on the flowers. The poor fruit set (2%) in A. manshuriensis is associated with pollen limitation due to the lack of pollinators, as the number of visitors to flowers was extremely low. This may be due to the fact that the flowers of this species are highly specialized on insects of a certain size for pollination.

scholarly journals Pollen morphology of fruit species

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sótonyi ◽  
Z. Szabó ◽  
J. Nyéki ◽  
P. Benedek ◽  
M. Soltész
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
The Self ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
As Species ◽  
Genetically Determined

Size and surface morphology of pollen has been studied in 87 twit varieties of 10 fruit species during the period of 1990-1995. No preceding work of that type came to our knowledge, yet. The samples comprised a wide variety of cultivars included male sterile, self-incompatible, partially self-fertile stone fruits, diploid and hexaploid plums, diploid and triploid apples. The large number of species and varieties facilitated the comparison of items within and between the respective species. It was stated that the size, shape and surface morphology of pollen is genetically determined and those data, combined with other variety characters, are suitable for the classification and distinction of varieties. In assessment of pollen size and shape, their moisture content is crucial. The major diameter of the swollen pollen as well as the length and width of the dry grains are characteristic to species and/or to variety. The width and shape changes largely with moisture content. Large grains are proper to quince, apricot, peach and almond, medium sizes are found in apple, sweet cherry, sour cherry, European plum, whereas small size is typical to Japanese plums. The low number of varieties studied does not allow conclusions concerning differences within pears, quinces and almonds as species. In the rest of species, valid differences have been registered as between varieties. Within species, as apple and plum, the effect of ploidy (i.e. number of chromosomes) was expressed in the size of their pollen. In stone fruit species, the correlation between size. of anthers and size of pollen grains was positive. Genetic relations between the self-fertile sour cherry varieties of the Pándy type (Debreceni bőtermő, Kántorjánosi, Újfehértói fürtös) as well as the self-incompatible apricots of "giant" fruit size are supposed to be analysed by pollen studies but there did not turn out any decisive conclusion, yet. Other characters also should be considered. The assembly of pollen characters is decisive in the determination of the variety. The ratio of empty pollen grains, the grain size and the density as well as the size of the pits on the surface are best suited to distinguish pollen lots.  

scholarly journals Blooming phenology and fertility of sour cherry cultivars selected in Hungary

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Nyéki ◽  
T. Szabó ◽  
Z. Szabó
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
The Self ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Bee Pollination ◽  
Bloom Period ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Pollination Methods ◽  
Blooming Phenology

Experiments were conducted during the period between 1972 and 2002 at three sites in Hungary. At Érd 97, Helvetia 10, and Újfehértó, 3 cultivars were studied in variety collections. Observations were made on the blooming phenology (start, main time, end and length of the bloom period), on the blooming dynamics (the rate of the open flowers counted every day), on the receptivity of sexual organs, on the fruit set following self- and open-pollination and on the effect of association of varieties in the orchards (choice, rate and placement of pollinisers). Based on the results the rate of the overlap of the blooming times were calculated and varieties were assigned into five bloom time groups according to their main bloom. Self-fertility conditioned by natural self pollination was studied and good pollinisers were chosen (sweet, sour and duke cherry varieties) for the self-sterile and partially self-fertile varieties. The necessity of bee pollination was proved by different pollination methods: natural self-pollination, artificial self-pollination, open pollination. Summary: Experiments were conducted during the period between 1972 and 2002 at three sites in Hungary. At Érd 97, Helvetia 10, and Újfehértó, 3 cultivars were studied in variety collections. Observations were made on the flowering phenology (start, main time, end and length of the bloom period), on the flowering dynamics (the rate of the open flowers counted every day), on the receptivity of sexual organs, on the fruit set following self- and open-pollination and on the effect of association of varieties in the orchards (choice, rate and placement of pollinisers).

scholarly journals Pollen tube growth and fruit set in quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. e0702
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Radovic ◽  
Radosav Cerovic ◽  
Dragan Milatovic ◽  
Dragan Nikolic
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Pollen Tube Growth ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
The Self ◽  
Tube Growth ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
High Yields

Aim of study: To determine the self-compatibility level of eight quince cultivars.Area of study: The region of Belgrade (Central Serbia).Material and methods: Pollen tube growth in vivo and fruit set in two pollination variants (self- and open-pollination) were studied in eight quince cultivars. The quantitative parameters of pollen tube growth (average number of pollen tubes in the upper and middle third of the style, base of the style and in the ovary; the dynamics of pollen tube growth through these parts of the pistil) was determined using the fluorescence microscopy.Main results: The parameters of pollen tube growth and fruit set were primarily dependent on the genotype and variants of pollination. All studied parameters were significantly higher in the open-pollination variant compared with the self-pollination in all cultivars. In the self-pollination variant, ʻLeskovackaʼ and ʻVranjskaʼ had the highest number of pollen tubes that penetrated the ovary (2.10 and 0.54 in average, respectively), as well as the largest percentage of pistils with the penetration of pollen tubes in the nucellus of ovules six days after pollination (40.09% and 14.74%). Also, they had the highest percentage of initial fruit set (17.01% and 28.52%) and final fruit set (9.32% and 9.86%). Based on this, ʻLeskovackaʼ and ʻVranjskaʼ can be classified as self-compatible cultivars, while the others are self-incompatible.Research highlights: The majority of quince cultivars were self-incompatible. When establishing new orchards with these cultivars, care should be taken about the choice of pollenisers in order to achieve high yields.

Late-acting self-incompatibility in tea plant (Camellia sinensis)

Biologia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Chen ◽  
Shan Hao ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Wanping Fang ◽  
Yuhua Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Tea Plant ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Pollen Tube Elongation

AbstractThe self-incompatibility of tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) was studied with the methods of aniline blue fluorescence assay and paraffin sections. The characteristics of pollen tube elongation after hand pollination was analyzed in 4 tea cultivars, including ‘Keemenzhong’, ‘Longjing-changye’, ‘Fuding-dabaicha’ and ‘Yabukita’, under self-pollination and cross-pollination, respectively. Although there were some difference among cultivars, pollen tubes elongated through the style and reach the ovary successfully at 48 h after pollination for both cross- and self-pollen tubes in all the four cultivars of tea. Pollen tubes entered into the ovule micropyles, however, only for cross-pollination, but not for self-pollination. Pollen tubes of selfing plants, failed in fertilizing, seemed have some difficulties to enter the ovule. All of which indicated that the self-incompatibility of tea plant is a late-acting self-incompatibility system (LSI) or an ovarian sterility (OS), in which the self incompatibility was due to none self pollen tube penetrating into the ovule and no fertilization.

Pollination and seed production in five boreal species of Vaccnium and Andromeda (Ericaceae)

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 1363-1368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heléne Fröborg
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Vaccinium Uliginosum ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Understory Shrubs ◽  
Fruit And Seed Set

Using experimental manipulations, I examined if pollen quality affected fruit and seed production in five ericaceous understory shrubs in a coniferous forest in central Sweden. Flowers of Vaccinium myrtillus L., Vaccinium uliginosum L., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., Vaccinium oxycoccos Gil., and Andromeda polifolia L. were (treatment 1) open-pollinated, (treatment 2) bagged without further treatment, (treatment 3) bagged and self-pollinated, (treatment 4) cross-pollinated with pollen from neighbouring plants, or (treatment 5) supplied with pollen from distant plants. Finally, flowers were (treatment 6) open-pollinated with a supply of extra pollen of distant origin. To investigate pollen or resource limitations to fruit and seed production, V. vitis-idaea was subjected to partial flower removal followed by open- and hand-pollination. Fruit and seed set were estimated for each treatment. The main conclusion is that natural levels of outcrossing are sufficiently high for full seed production and that the availability of pollen is not limiting in natural habitats. There were significant reductions in fruit and seed set after self-pollination in V. myrtillus. Fruit set was reduced in V. vitis-idaea, and V. uliginosum failed to set fruit after self-pollination. Self-pollination caused a decreased seed set in A. polifolia. There was no significant variation across treatments in V. oxycoccos. Since fruits tend to develop regardless of seed number, resources are likely to limit seed production in species with costly fruits. Keywords: self-fertility, pollination, Vaccinium, fruit set, seed set.

scholarly journals Role of Self-pollination and Reciprocal Stigma/Anthers Position on Fruit Set of Eight Self-compatible Almonds

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 887-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Godini ◽  
L. de Palma ◽  
M. Palasciano
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Prunus Dulcis ◽  
The Self ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Amygdalus Communis

A study to ascertain the highest possible fruit set following self-pollination of eight self-compatible cultivars of almond (Amygdalus communis L. = Prunus dulcis Mill) was carried out in Apulia (southern Italy). Fruits set from daily hand-selling were high, compared to those from unassisted self-pollination. The results support growing most of the self-compatible Apulian almonds in solid blocks, without need for cross-pollination, provided that self-pollination is optimized by insect vectors. The relative capability of the cultivars to set fruits by unassisted self-pollination was independent of the reciprocal stigma/anthers position within the same flower.

scholarly journals Carbon Dioxide Treatment Partially Overcomes Self-incompatibility in a Cacao Genotype

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhu Aneja ◽  
Thomas Gianfagna ◽  
Edward Ng ◽  
Ignacio Badilla
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Pollen Germination ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
The Self ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Promotive Effect ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Germination Stage

Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) contains self-compatible and self-incompatible genotypes. In the greenhouse, pollen germination and fruit set failed to occur after self-pollination of an incompatible genotype (IMC 30); however, if the self-pollinated flowers were enclosed in plastic vials for 6 h after pollination, pollen germination was 95% The promotive effect of enclosed pollination on pollen germination was due to the accumulation of CO2 (8.9 % v/v). Despite the high rate of pollen germination, fruit set was only 45%. Seeds produced from self-pollinations using this technique were viable, with 95% germination. Cross-pollination with `Amelonado' pollen resulted in 100% pollen germination and 46% fruit set. Enclosure of cross-pollinated flowers did not improve the percentage of fruit set. Sections made through the ovary 48 h after enclosed self-pollination indicated that the majority of ovules contained a zygote; however, some ovules still contained unfused male and female gametes and polar nuclei. Self-incompatibility in this genotype is expressed at two stages in the process leading to fruit set. The first is at the pollen germination stage and can be overcome by CO2 treatment; the second is at the gametic fusion stage.

Preferential outcrossing in Banksia ilicifolia (Proteaceae)

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bambang Heliyanto ◽  
Erik J. Veneklaas ◽  
Hans Lambers ◽  
Siegfried L. Krauss
Keyword(s):  
Breeding System ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Limitation ◽  
Genetic Load ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
Non Local

The breeding system of Banksia ilicifolia was assessed by performing controlled hand-pollination manipulations on flowers in a natural population in Perth, Western Australia. The percentage of 2000 flowers per treatment converted to fruits and seeds was assessed across 24 recipient plants following (1) self-pollination, (2) local outcross pollination (same population), (3) non-local outcross pollination (pollen sourced from another population 30 km away), (4) unpollinated but bagged flowers and (5) unpollinated, unbagged flowers (natural pollination). The relative performance of the resulting seeds was assessed by seed weight, germination rates and, in an unplanned component of the study, resistance to a fungal pathogen. The percentage of flowers converted to fruits following self-pollination was low (0.9%), but demonstrated self-compatibility. Fruit set following cross-pollinations (3.6 and 3.3% for non-local and local crosses, respectively) was significantly greater than that following self-pollination, open-pollination (0.4%) and autogamous (0.04%) treatments. Low fruit set for open-pollinated flowers, compared with self- and outcross-pollination treatments, suggests pollen limitation. Pollen tubes were observed in 15 and 20% of upper styles of flowers hand-pollinated with self and local outcross pollen, respectively. Seed germination was dependent on the source of pollen, where fewer selfed seeds germinated (37%) than did both non-local and local outcrossed seeds (83 and 91%, respectively). Selfed seedlings showed poorer survival (33.3%) following fungal attack than both non-local and local outcrossed seeds (69.2 and 68.5%, respectively). Only 13% of selfed seeds survived to be 2-month-old seedlings, compared with 63% for non-local and 57% for local outcrossed seeds. Ultimately, for 2000 flowers hand-pollinated with self pollen, only three seedlings survived to an age of 16 weeks, compared with 37 and 45 seedlings for local-cross and non-local cross treatments on 2000 hand-pollinated flowers, respectively. These results indicate that in this population, B. ilicifolia is self-compatible, but preferentially outcrossing, with strong early acting inbreeding depression. Consequently, the breeding system of B. ilicifolia promotes the maintenance of genetic variation and a high genetic load.

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