scholarly journals INCIDENCE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS: LOCAL STUDY IN UKRAINE

World Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (8(36)) ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
Fedorych P. V. ◽  
Mavrov G. I.
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽  
Mycoplasma Hominis ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Local Study ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Clinically Significant

Introduction.The structure of incidence of sexually transmitted infections is changing constantly. Information on such changes supports correct planning of clinical and diagnostic activities of institutions providing specialized medical care by qualified specialists.Objective:to investigate the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections with pathogens clinically significant to the genitourinary system in Ukraine and at the local level.Materials and methods. Polymerase chain reaction was used to test the biological material obtained from the genitourinary clinical specimens from subjects with sexually transmitted infections, who underwent clinical and laboratory examinations in Oleksandrivsk Clinical Hospital (Kyiv, Ukraine) for Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Trichomonas vaginalis, Human papillomavirus, and Neisseria gonorrhoea. During 2017, 607 subjects of both genders, including 295 (48.6%) females and 312 (51.4%) males, were examined. Their mean age was 32±3.5.Findings. Chlamydia trachomatis was found in 159 (26.2%) of 607 examined subjects – 85 males and 74 females. Mycoplasma hominis was found in 122 of 585 (21.1%) examined subjects – 64 males and 58 females. Mycoplasma genitalium, respectively, in 17 (6.62%) of 258 subjects – 6 males and 11 females. Ureaplasma urealyticum was found in the largest number of subjects (305, i.e. in 48.77% of 601 examined subjects) – 157 males and 148 females. Trichomonas vaginalis was found in 28 (5.23%) of 535 subjects – 15 males and 13 females. Human papillomavirus was found in 158 of 297 (53.2%) examined subjects – 88 males and 70 females. Neisseria gonorrhea was found in 33 of 297 (8.45%) subjects – 8 males and 25 females.Conclusions. As suggested by the local study of the sexually transmitted infections incidence in Ukraine, the most clinically significant for the genitourinary system are Human papillomavirus (53.2%), Ureaplasma urealyticum (48.77%), Chlamydia trachomatis (26.2%) and Mycoplasma hominis (21.1%). Therefore, tests for these pathogens in the specified region is currently the most appropriate during diagnostic examinations and counselling of subjects with genitourinary infections.

scholarly journals Frequency of Sexually Transmitted Pathogens in HIV- Positive Individuals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuğba Bozdemir ◽  
Candan Çİçek ◽  
Deniz Gökengin ◽  
Sabire Şöhret Aydemir ◽  
İmre Altuğlu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽  
Mycoplasma Hominis ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Ureaplasma Parvum ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals ◽  
Simplex Virus

Objective: Sexually transmitted infections are frequently seen and significant infections for public health. Prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections have an important role in controlling the transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The investigation of the frequency of other sexually transmitted pathogens in asymptomatic HIV- positive individuals was aimed in the present study. Method: Vaginal and urethral swab samples were collected by 90 HIV- positive asymptomatic individuals themselves aged between 20-69 (median=36, SD=10.48) years, between September 2015 and April 2016. The samples were assessed for the presence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, and Human papillomavirus using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Results: At least one or more than one sexually transmitted pathogen was identified in 49 (54.4%) of 90 HIV-positive individuals. Human Papillomavirus was found in 31 (34.4%), Ureaplasma urealyticum in 20 (22.2%), Ureaplasma parvum in 15 (16.6%), Mycoplasma genitalium in 8 (8.8%), Mycoplasma hominis in 8 (8.8%), Neisseria gonorrhoeae in 5 (5.5%) and Chlamydia trachomatis in 2 (2.2%) individuals. Trichomonas vaginalis, Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 were not detected in any of the clinical specimens. Conclusion: Approximately 55% of 90 HIV- positive individuals were found to be positive for sexually transmitted pathogens, and . Human Papillomavirus was the most frequently detected pathogen. This condition reveals the necessity of screening even asymptomatic individuals for the presence of this pathogen. Studies are needed to increase awareness in our country on this issue.

scholarly journals Prevalence Rates of Chlamydia Trachomatis and Other Sexually Transmitted Organisms in Infertile Couples Attending a Tertiary Medical Centre in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Umi Kalsom A ◽  
Suvra B ◽  
Zainul RMR ◽  
Siti Norlia O ◽  
Zalina I ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽  
Mycoplasma Hominis ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoea ◽  
Infertile Couples

 INTRODUCTION: Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) infections are well recognized and prevalent sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The role of Mycoplasma spp and Ureaplasma spp are still controversial as some are commensals of genitourinary tract. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence rate of 7 organisms: Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoea, Mycoplasma genitalium, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) and Ureaplasma parvum (UP) in infertile married couples during infertility evaluation. MATERIALS & METHODS: A total of 274 samples from all of the 137 couples who attended the reproductive center from June to December 2014 were collected. Detection of the organisms was performed using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: STI-associated organisms were detected in 35.4% (97/274) of subjects. The prevalence rates of CT, MG, TV, UU, MH were 7.3%,1.1%, 0.4%,5.4% and 5.1% respectively. Twenty-one (7.7%) subjects were positive for more than one organism. 24/274 (8.8%) of subjects had history of urogenital tract-related symptoms and 50% (12/24) were tested positive to one or more organisms. The presence of symptoms in both male and female subjects were found to be 10% (2/20) in CT infection, 10% (7/67) in UP, 14% (2/14) in MH and 13% (2/15) in UU infections. CONCLUSION: Sexually transmitted organisms were detected in one third of subjects planning for fertility evaluation. The absence of symptom in most subjects particularly in CT infection emphasizes the need for microbiological screening during infertility evaluation. The presence of genital ureaplasmas and mycoplasmas in infertile couples should not be neglected. There is a growing need to clarify whether their roles are simply colonizers or pathogens implicated in infertility.

scholarly journals Molecular epidemiology of non-viral sexually transmitted infections in the central Alpine province of Bolzano, northern Italy from April 2016 to March 2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Aschbacher ◽  
Francesca Romagnoli ◽  
Elisa Masi ◽  
Valentina Pasquetto ◽  
Franco Perino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽  
Mycoplasma Hominis ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Ureaplasma Parvum ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium are established or presumed as (??) STI pathogens. The present study aims  at ng describing the one-year molecular epidemiology of these seven pathogens in the Province of Bolzano, Northern Italy. From April 2016 to March 2017, a total of  2,949 patients, mainly females, were enrolled and 3,427 urine, vaginal, endocervical and/or urethral samples were subjected to simultaneous analysis of the seven pathogens by means of Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (AnyplexTM II STI-7 Detection Kit Seegene, Seoul, Korea). At least one of the seven microorganisms was detected in 40.7% of patients, with an uneven distribution: 43.1% in females (F) and 29.8% (p<0.001) in males (M). The prevalence of microorganisms was as follows: 30.3% U. parvum (F: 35.6%, M: 8.3%), 6.9% U. urealyticum (F: 6.8%, M: 7.0%), 4.9% M. hominis (F: 5.4%, M: 2.3%), 4.9% C. trachomatis (F: 3.4%, M: 11.4%), 1.1% M. genitalium (F: 1.0%, M: 1.2%), 1.2% N. gonorrhoeae (F: 0.17%, M: 5.6%) and 0.40% T. vaginalis (F: 0.38%, M: 0.53%). Mixed infections were detected in 7.4% of patients. The highest prevalence was observed for U. parvum, followed by U. urealyticum and M. hominis and a significant  presence of multi-pathogen infections was registered.

scholarly journals Prevalence of ureaplasma urealyticum, mycoplasma hominis and human papillomavirus coinfection in people attending a sexually transmitted infections (STI)/HIV reference centre in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 131-137
Author(s):  
Alyce Lima Amorim ◽  
Ana Gabriela Álvares Travassos ◽  
Geovane Cruz de Souza ◽  
Vitor Cunha Fontes ◽  
Maiara Timbó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Mycoplasma Hominis ◽  
Genital Warts ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Gonococcal Urethritis ◽  
Reference Centre

Introduction: Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis are frequently found at many women’s and men’s urogenital tract, and have been associated with non-gonococcal urethritis, cervicitis, infertility, chorioaminionitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Some studies show high prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in patients with non-gonococcal urethritis, while also presenting high frequency of Ureaplasma urealyticum infection in women with cervicalcytology abnormalities and men with genital warts. Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis and HPV coinfection in people attending a sexually transmitted infections (STI)/HIV reference centre and to identify the risk factors associated. Methods: A cross-sectional study with patients aged >18 years, carried out for Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis from July 1st to December 31, 2015, in a STI/HIV reference centre from the State of Bahia, Brazil. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained from secondary data from patients’ charts and laboratory findings, and analyzed using SPSS 20.0. Pearson’s χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test was used to evaluate categorical variables. HPV clinical diagnosis was considered positive as the presence of genital warts. Results: In this study, 849 patients were included — 196 men and 653 women. Of the sample, 51.4% was diagnosed with at least one of the two bacteria. The prevalence of Mycoplasma hominis infection was higher in coinfection (16.7%) than in isolated infection (2.2%). The prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum isolated infection was 32.4%. A strong association was found between the presence of genital warts and Ureaplasma urealyticum infection, with an estimated risk of 1.230 (p=0.014). Conclusion: Our findings suggest the need for further investigation for Ureaplasma urealyticum infection in patients presenting genital warts on physical examination. In addition, in this context, greater attention should be given to women and pregnant women.

scholarly journals Cervical Cytology of Samples with Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Detected by Multiplex PCR

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Fabiana Pirani Carneiro ◽  
Andersen Charles Darós ◽  
Adriana Cysneiro Milhomem Darós ◽  
Tércia Maria Mendes Lousa de Castro ◽  
Marcos de Vasconcelos Carneiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽  
Mycoplasma Hominis ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Ureaplasma Parvum

Introduction. Despite increasing application of molecular diagnostic methods for the detection of sexually transmitted infections, the cytological findings in pap smears of patients with pathogens that can be identified only by PCR are not yet well described. The aim of this study was to describe the most common cytological features in cervical pap smears of patients with Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Ureaplasma parvum detected by multiplex PCR. Methods. Cervical samples for conventional and liquid-based cytology and for multiplex PCR were collected from women ranging from 23 to 54 years old, who underwent routine screening at a gynecological Unit. Results. Multiplex PCR was positive in 36.2% of the samples: Ureaplasma parvum 14.9%, Chlamydia trachomatis 10.6%, Trichomonas vaginalis 10.6%, Mycoplasma hominis 8.5%, Ureaplasma urealyticum 4.2%, Neisseria gonorrhoeae 2.1%, and Mycoplasma genitalium (0). Multiple pathogens were observed in 12.8% of samples. Microscopic cervicitis (≥10 polymorphonuclear leukocytes/epithelial cell) and normal (predominantly lactobacillary) microbiota were the most frequent findings in the samples in which the pathogens were detected alone or in multiple infections, except for samples with Trichomonas vaginalis in which the coccobacillary microbiota was the most common. In samples with microscopic cervicitis and normal microbiota, those with at least one pathogen identified by multiplex PCR were significantly more frequent than those with no pathogen, 66.6% versus 33.3%. Conclusion. Failure to identify an inflammatory agent in pap smear with intense neutrophil exudate may suggest the presence of Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Chlamydia trachomatis, or Trichomonas vaginalis. A remark on the intensity of inflammation should be made in the reports of cervical pap smears so that this cytological finding can be correlated with clinical and PCR results.

Microbiota do colo uterino por Gram em pacientes com infeção por papilomavírus humano e outras infecções sexualmente transmissíveis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Mara Sousa de Oliveira ◽  
Hyan Staytskowy Magalhães Martins ◽  
Rafael Pereira de Vasconcelos ◽  
Renata Mirian Nunes Eleutério ◽  
José Eleutério Júnior
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽  
Mycoplasma Hominis ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium

Introdução: A microbiota vaginal é um complexo sistema com diversidade de microrganismos. A disbiose parece aumentar o risco de infecções, principalmente as sexualmente transmissíveis, entre as quais por papilomavírus humano, agente associado a lesões cervicais. Objetivo: Avaliar os diferentes tipos de microbiota cervical e as suas características no esfregaço de material residual de citologia em meio líquido, associando com o papilomavírus humano e com Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Trichomonas vaginalis. Métodos: O estudo analisou 179 casos que tinham material residual de citologia em meio líquido. Alíquota do material foi colocado em lâmina adequada, fixado a seco e corado por método de Gram para leitura em microscópio óptico. Outra alíquota foi utilizada para estudo em reação em cadeia da polimerase - transcriptase reversa e multiplex para pesquisas dos microorganismos associados a infecções sexualmente transmissíveis. O teste exato de Fisher com intervalo de confiança foi utilizado para significância estatística. O projeto foi aprovado em comitê de ética sob número 24071519.9.0000.5049 (UniChristus). Resultados: Os casos foram divididos conforme o escore de Nugent aplicado a esfregaços corados pelo método de Gram. Em microbiota cervical normal (escores de 0 a 3), 100 casos (55,86%); em microbiota intermediária (escore de 4 a 6), 51 casos (28,5%); em sugestivo de disbiose (escore de 7 a 10), 28 casos (15,64%). Nos casos de disbiose, foram observados: Chlamydia trachomatis (1[3,57%]), Mycoplasma hominis (7[25%]), Ureaplasma urealyticum (1[3,57%]), papilomavírus humano 16/45 (1[3,57%]), papilomavírus humano de alto risco (AR) (3[10,71%]) e AR e 16/45 (1[3,57%]). No grupo normal, foi a seguinte distribuição: Ureaplasma urealyticum (1[1%]), papilomavírus humano 16 (2[2%]), papilomavírus humano 18/45 (3[3%]), AR (13[13%]). No grupo intermediário, a distribuição foi: Ureaplasma urealyticum (2[3,9%]), papilomavírus humano AR (5[9,8%]) e papilomavírus humano AR, 16 (1[3,9%]). A única diferença significativa foi de Mycoplasma hominis na disbiose (p<0,0001). Conclusão: O estudo não evidenciou uma associação maior no grupo de disbiose com a maioria das infecções sexualmente transmissíveis, no entanto, com Mycoplasma hominis, foi significativo.

scholarly journals Distribution of sexually transmitted diseases in a group of symptomatic male patients using urine samples and PCR technique / Distribuția bolilor cu transmitere sexuală într-un grup de barbați simptomatici utilizand probe de urina si tehnica PCR

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-331
Author(s):  
Mihaela Laura Vica ◽  
Lia Monica Junie ◽  
Alecsandra Iulia Grad ◽  
Alexandru Tataru ◽  
Horea Vladi Matei
Keyword(s):  
Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Mycoplasma Hominis ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Wide Scale

Abstract Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a very important cause of illness worldwide and prolonged, untreated infections with STD pathogens may have serious consequences. Our study aims to evaluate the distribution of six different STDs (Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium) in male urine samples. First void urine samples from 52 symptomatic patients were collected between April 2014 and April 2015. DNA was extracted, purified and amplified via multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of the six STD pathogens, further identified using a 2% agarose gel electrophoresis with ethidium bromide as staining agent. STD frequency in the study group was 53.84 % (28 patients), mostly in the 20-29 years age group. Among positive patients, six presented multiple infections. 35 positive DNA samples were identified in the study: 17 of C. trachomatis, 9 of U. urealyticum, 7 of N. gonorrhoeae and 2 of M. genitalium. Wide scale application of the system based on the simultaneous detection of these six pathogens inducing STD may facilitate diagnosis, especially in multiple infections.

Sexually transmitted infections and localized scleroderma of the anogenital area

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 82-87
Author(s):  
E.S. Snarskaya ◽  
◽  
O.Yu. Olisova ◽  
Yu.A. Semenchak ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Localized Scleroderma ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Anogenital Area ◽  
Simplex Virus

Objective. To analyze the spectrum of sexually transmitted infections (Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae) in patients with different clinical variants of localized scleroderma (LS) and scleroatrophic lesions in the anogenital area. Patients and methods. We examined 104 patients diagnosed with LS (including guttate morphea, linear scleroderma, scleroatrophic lichen, and atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini) in V.A.Rakhmanov Clinic of Skin and Venereal Diseases. After clinical and morphological phenotyping, we selected 62 patients (17.7% of males and 82.3% of females) with scleroatrophic lesions in the anogenital area. All patients were tested for sexually transmitted infections, including Human papillomavirus (HPV) (high-risk types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, and 68) and herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (HSV1/2) using polymerase chain reaction. Results. We found that 71% of patients with scleroatrophic lesions in the anogenital area had chronic infections, including those caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (29.5%), Trichomonas vaginalis (15.9%), Mycoplasma genitalium (13.6%), and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (2.3%). In 38.6% of cases, the development of scleroatrophic lesions was associated with bacterial vaginosis. One-third of patients (33.8%) were found to have high-risk HPV strains (type 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, and 68) and HSV 1/2. Conclusion. In our opinion, anogenital location of LS can be a marker of chronic infections of the genitourinary system; such patients should be tested for sexually transmitted infections. Keywords: localized scleroderma; scleroatrophic lichen; anogenital location; vulvar lichen; penile lichen; sexually transmitted infections; bacterial vaginosis; herpes simplex virus; human papillomavirus

scholarly journals Chlamydia trachomatis and urogenital mycoplasms in nonconococcal urethirits in men

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 47-50
Author(s):  
Sonja Vesic ◽  
Jelica Vukicevic ◽  
Eleonora Gvozdenovic ◽  
Dusan Skiljevic ◽  
Slobodanka Janosevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽  
Mycoplasma Hominis ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Nongonococcal Urethritis ◽  
Etiological Agents ◽  
The One

Introduction. Nongonococcal urethritis is the most common sexually transmitted infection in men, with vast majority of the etiological agents such as Chlamydia trachomatis, followed by urogenital mycoplasmas. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in nongonococcal urethritis in men, and to examine infections associated with these agents. Material and methods. 299 sexually active, heterosexual men with nongonococcal urethritis were included into the study. Urethral samples were taken with a dacron swab placed into the urethra up to 2-3 cm. The Direct immunojluorescence tehnique was performed for identification of Chlamydia trachomatis. Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis were detected with Mycoplasma 1ST assay. Results. Chlamydia trachomatis was detected in 22.75%, Uraeplasma urealyticum in 21.08% and Mycoplasma hominis in 8.02% cases. We found no significant differences in prevalence between Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticym (p>0.05). Monoinjections were found in 51.85% with significantly higher rate (p<0.01) than associated infections (11.70%). Among associated infections, coinfection of Chlamydia trahomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum was predominant. Association of Chlamydia trachomatis with urogenital mycoplasmas was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the one between Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis. In 36.45% patients no patogenic microorganisms were detected. Conclusion. These results confirmed the etiological role of Chlamydia trachomatis and urogenital mycoplasmas in nongonococcal urethritis with prevalence of 51.85% in monoinfections and 11.70% in associated infections. In 36.45% of cases the etiology of urethritis was not elucidated. These results suggest that more sensitive diagnostic tool should be applied when searching for the detailed etiology of nongonococcal urethritis.

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