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Published By Dynasty Publishing House

2414-9691, 1729-9225

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-130
Author(s):  
O.A. Senkevich ◽  
◽  
Z.A. Plotonenko ◽  
V.P. Molochniy ◽  
O.V. Kaplieva ◽  
...  

Vaccination is a reliable way to prevent many infectious diseases. Reduced vaccination coverage along with increased migration, high population density, and high risk of epidemic outbreaks makes the issue of vaccine commitment among parents and the problem of vaccine refusal highly relevant. Objective. To analyze sociodemographic characteristics of vaccine-refusing families and reasons underlying their refusal. Patients and methods. We have conducted a blind, consecutive, cross-sectional, cohort study that included 2 groups of respondents: Group 1 included 80 mothers of newborns followed-up at the Perinatal Center, whereas Group 2 comprised 135 mothers of children aged 2–3 years followed-up at the Children's Polyclinic No 2, Children's City Hospital No 9 of Khabarovsk. Data collection was performed between January and September 2018 and included the survey of mothers. The questionnaire was aimed to assess sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents and reasons for refusing vaccination. Results. We have analyzed sociodemographic characteristics of vaccine-refusing families and identified the differences in the social status of mothers of newborns and children aged 2–3 years. In the maternity hospital, young mothers (74.2%) who are officially married (57.5%) with 2 or more children, with secondary or specialized secondary education (58%) were most likely to refuse vaccination. Young mothers of the first child with higher education (65%) (48.5% with higher medical education), with an average income (60%) most frequently refused previous vaccinations of children aged 2–3 ages. In more than half of the cases, there was one child in the family (65.5%); these were primarily two-parent, socially advantaged families. We observed a prior role of a pediatrician as a source of information about vaccination of children and a high level of trust in public health institutions in terms of vaccination. Conclusion. Our findings indicate that the attitude to vaccines is generally positive. However, some parents, whose children may be a reserve for increasing the number of timely vaccinated children, realize the importance of vaccination, but due to some objective reasons (such as medical contraindications) or without substantial reasons postpone it indefinitely. Key words: vaccination, children, refusal, adherence


2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-134
Author(s):  
E.A. Samotolkina ◽  
◽  
A.V. Pokrovskaya ◽  
E.S. Samotolkina ◽  
D.M. Popova ◽  
...  

In this article, we report a case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in an HIV-infected patient receiving antiretroviral therapy. The case is interesting because of its favorable outcome despite severe clinical manifestations of the disease. Key words: HIV infection, case report, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy


2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-64
Author(s):  
Zh.B. Ponezheva ◽  
◽  
I.V. Mannanova ◽  
V.V. Makashova ◽  
A.A. Erovichenkov ◽  
...  

Objective. To identify specific clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and severe interferon (IFN) system suppression. Patients and methods. This study was conducted at the Clinical Department of Infectious Pathology, Research Institute of Epidemiology, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing. We enrolled and examined 76 patients with confirmed CHC aged 18 to 80 years who had been followed up for at least 3 years. We analyzed the level of IFN-producing T-lymphocytes, IFN status, serum levels of IFN-α, -γ and -λ depending on viral and biochemical activity, and genotype. In addition to that, we evaluated the association between the IFN system parameters and age, duration of infection, genotype, viral load, and stage of liver fibrosis. The control group comprised 30 healthy individuals who had no complaints and no clinical or laboratory changes at the time of examination. Results. We identified 3 grades of IFN system suppression: grade 1–moderate (in 21% of patients), grade 2–mild (inadequate) (in 47% of patients), and grade 3–severe (in 32% of patients). We analyzed clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with grade 3 IFN system suppression and evaluated the IFN system depending on age, duration of infection, genotype, viral and biochemical activity. We found that severe IFN system suppression correlated with duration of infection, stage of liver fibrosis with a tendency to increased levels of T-lymphocytes expressing receptors for IFN-α and IFN-γ (CD118+, CD119+). Key words: chronic hepatitis C, genotype, interferon status


2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
V.P. Novikova ◽  
◽  
A.I. Khavkin ◽  
A.V. Polunina ◽  
A.V. Gorelov ◽  
...  

This review summarizes relevant scientific literature analyzing the lung-gut axis and its association with coronavirus infection (COVID-19), lesions to the gastrointestinal tract caused by this infection, and state of the microbiome. Approximately 20%–50% of COVID-19 patients have such symptoms as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, as well as SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected in their feces. Therefore, investigation of the virus effect on the gastrointestinal tract and its commensal flora is important not only for research purposes, but for clinical practice, since patients with COVID-19 demonstrate both qualitative and quantitative changes in their microbiome. The latter may serve as a basis for the development of additional probiotic therapy for gastrointestinal lesions in COVID-19 patients. Despite the existing evidence, it is still necessary to clarify the effect of the intestinal microbiome on the pathogenesis of coronavirus infection and the disease course. Key words: COVID-19, coronavirus infection, microbiome, intestinal microbiota, SARS-CoV-2, probiotics, probiotic therapy


2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-158
Author(s):  
O.A. Limanova ◽  
◽  
L.E. Fedotova ◽  
O.A. Gromova ◽  
◽  
...  

This article discusses the problem of drug interactions between combined oral contraceptives on the example of Belara® (30 μg of ethinyl estradiol + 2 mg of chlormadinone acetate; Gedeon Richter, Hungary) and medications recommended for the treatment of new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) and concomitant disorders at the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic levels with an assessment of the efficacy and safety of therapy for females. We described safe, potentially dangerous, and dangerous combinations of these drugs. Key words: new coronavirus infection (CAVID-19), combined oral contraceptives, antiviral drugs, antibacterial drugs, antiinflammatory drugs, anticoagulants, migraine drugs, antihypertensive drugs, oral hypoglycemic drugs, essential micronutrients, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions


2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
E.V. Mikhailova ◽  
◽  
T.K. Chudakova ◽  
D.Yu. Levin ◽  
A.V. Romanovskaya ◽  
...  

Parvovirus (PV) is a widespread infection, despite the fact that this pathogen was discovered only recently. The therapeutic effect of PV, in particular its oncolytic activity, is being actively studied now. Notably, PVs causing infections in animals, such as rat PV H-1, caninae PV, and rodent protoparvovirus (minute virus of mice) suppress oncogenesis in these animals. There is an ex vivo evidence of rat glioblastoma and gliosarcoma sensitivity to PV. The affinity of PV B19 to P-antigen located primarily on the membranes of erythroid cells is crucial for the disease pathogenesis. The teratogenic effect of PV B19 is associated with its ability to infect placental cells (P-antigen is present on the cells of chorionic villi and surface of the trophoblast). PV infection can be acquired or congenital, typical or atypical. The outcome of intrauterine infection with PV B19 largely depends on the gestation age when the infection occurred. Women infected during the second trimester are at higher risk of vertical transmission and severe intrauterine pathology with a poor outcome than those infected during the third trimester. Constant contact with young children significantly increases the risk of PV B19 infection among pregnant women with no immunity to this virus. Serum is the most convenient biomaterial for detecting both PV DNA and virus-specific antibodies. One test for anti-PV IgG using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is sufficient to determine the immune status of a patient. Polymerase chain reaction with amniotic fluid is used to diagnose intrauterine infection with PV B19. Blood components and products should be checked for PV B19. High frequency of PV B19 detection in the blood of donors necessitates the development of special measures aimed at prevention of virus transmission. Key words: pregnant women, children, parvovirus B19, parvovirus infection


2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
J.-C. Khakizimana ◽  
◽  
V.N. Timchenko ◽  
V.P. Novikova ◽  
O.P. Gurina ◽  
...  

Objective. To analyze clinical and laboratory parameters, as well as the dynamics of cytokine production in children of different ages with acute infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV mononucleosis). Patients and methods. We examined two groups of patients: group I included 20 children aged 1 to 7 years, whereas group II included 29 children aged 8 to 17 years. All study participants were tested in the acute phase of the disease and in early convalescence. We evaluated serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-α (IFN-α) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (standard Vektor-Best kits, Russia). Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2019 for Windows and IBM SPSS statistics; we applied the methods of non-parametric statistics. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results. The majority of children had fever, intoxication, acute tonsillitis, and enlarged cervical lymph nodes. Laboratory makers, such as lymphocytosis, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia were more pronounced in children from group II. In both groups, the level of cytokines in the acute period of the disease was higher than the discriminatory one. In early convalescence, patients from group I demonstrated more significant reduction in the cytokine level than patients from group II (р < 0.05). In children over 7 years of age, the levels of IL-10 and TNF-α positively correlated with the disease duration (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) Conclusion. The level of cytokine production in acute EBV mononucleosis depends on patients’ age. Concentrations of IL-10 and TNF-α can serve as markers reflecting the severity of EBV mononucleosis and can be used for disease prognosis. Key words: EBV mononucleosis, children, cytokines, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-α


2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-57
Author(s):  
K.V. Zhdanov ◽  
◽  
R.F. Khamitov ◽  
V.V. Rafalsky ◽  
M.P. Mikhaylusova ◽  
...  

Objective. A multicenter open-label randomized controlled clinical trial was aimed to compare the efficacy of the study drug (SD) containing technologically processed affinity purified antibodies (high dilutions) to IFN-γ, CD4 receptor and histamine (Ergoferon) with oseltamivir, and evaluate the influence of SD on the antiviral immune response in adults with seasonal influenza. Patients and methods. 184 outpatients aged 18–70 with confirmed influenza of mild/moderate severity were included and randomized into 2 groups (in a 1:1 ratio). Patients received SD (Group 1, n = 92) or oseltamivir (Group 2, n = 92), according to the instructions for medical use for 5 days. As the primary endpoint, the percentage of patients with recovery/improvement was assessed (according to the data of the patient's diary on days 2–7 and according to the clinical examination on days 3 and 7). Additionally, the duration and severity of influenza symptoms, the percentage of patients with virus elimination (according to RT-PCR of nasopharyngeal samples), the percentage of patients with complications, the percentage of patients prescribed antipyretic drugs, the change in concentration of T cell (IL-2, IL-18, IFN-γ) and B cell antigen-specific (IL-4, IL-16) immune response regulators in serum, the leukocyte phenotypes on days 1, 3 and 7 were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using a “Non-Inferiority” design (or no less efficiency/safety). Intention-to-Treat (ITT) analysis data are presented. Results. According to patients’ self-assessment, 53.3% of patients in Group 1 recovered/improved on the 6th day in the morning and 65.2% – in the evening (vs. 53.3% and 57.6% in Group 2, respectively). There were 73.9% recovered/ improved patients on the 7th day in the morning (vs. 67.4% in Group 2). A generalized analysis showed that the treatment results in both groups were comparable (p < 0.0001). According to objective medical examination, 79.3% of patients in the SD group and 74.0% of patients in the Оseltamivir group recovered/improved on the 7th day (p < 0.0001). The antiviral efficacy of SD was not inferior to oseltamivir, which was confirmed by comparable periods of virus elimination, duration and severity of fever and other influenza symptoms. A moderate activating effect of SD on the immune system was evaluated. A significant, compared to oseltamivir, increase in the concentration of IL-2 and IL-4 on the 3rd day of treatment (p = 0.03 and p = 0.04 vs. the oseltamivir group), and IFN-γ on the 3rd and the 7th days (p = 0.012 and p < 0.0001, respectively, vs. the oseltamivir group). No stimulating effect of SD on the growth and differentiation of immune cells was found. Conclusion. SD is effective and safe in the treatment of patients with influenza. The therapeutic and antiviral efficacy of SD is comparable to that of oseltamivir. The antiviral activity of SD affects the interferon system and the concentration of the cytokines IL-2 and IL-4, regulators of the T and B cell immune response. At the same time, there is no significant stimulation of interferon production with further development of hyporeactivity. Key words: influenza, oseltamivir, therapy, cytokines, Еrgoferon


2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-164
Author(s):  
E.K. Shavarova ◽  
◽  
E.R. Cazakhmedov ◽  
M.V. Alekseeva ◽  
L.G. Ezhova ◽  
...  

The coronavirus disease COVID-19 is characterized by high mortality and the lack of effective etiotropic therapy. Activation of oxidative stress may be one of the links in the pathogenesis of organ damage of this infection. Objective. To assess the ability of Mexidol® to influence the rate of clinical improvement in pneumonia caused by the SARSCoV-2 virus in hospitalized patients with the novel coronavirus disease COVID-19 and concomitant discirculatory encephalopathy. 62 patients over the age of 18 years with confirmed new coronavirus disease COVID-19 according to computed tomography (CT) of the lungs (stages CT1, CT2, CT3) and PCR of a swab from the nasopharynx and oropharynx for SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA were included. After randomization patients of group 1 received an infusion of Mexidol® at a dose of 1000 mg/day, patients of group 2 – an infusion of isotonic sodium chloride solution for 7 days. Compared with the control group, the patients receiving Mexidol® therapy showed a significantly more pronounced decrease in body temperature, a tendency towards a decrease in the severity of shortness of breath. In the Mexidol® group, the concentration of superoxidedismutase did not change, while in the control group there was a tendency to its decrease, C-reactive protein decreased 2.2 times more than in the control group (p = 0.09). There was a tendency for a more rapid decrease in ferritin in the active intervention group. Mexidol® therapy can have a positive effect on the clinical manifestations and severity of laboratory-inflammatory syndrome in patients with the new coronavirus disease COVID-19. Key words: coronavirus disease COVID-19, oxidative stress, Mexidol


2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-50
Author(s):  
A.V. Shlykova ◽  
◽  
D.E. Kireev ◽  
I.A. Lapovok ◽  
D.V. Saleeva ◽  
...  

Objective. Accurate identification of recent HIV-1 infection cases will ensure a more effective and precise assessment of the dynamics of virus transmission, the time between infection and diagnosis, and the quality of screening and prevention programs. This study was undertaken to adjust the recent HIV-1 infection testing algorithm using a cohort of patients, in whom the time since infection was known. Materials and methods. We used blood plasma samples obtained from 264 HIV-infected patients with a known date of infection. All samples were analyzed using two serological assays aimed to differentiate between cases of recent and established HIV infection. Using the results of sequencing of the pol region, we calculated the proportion of variable positions in order to determine the duration of infection. To identify the cases of recent HIV infection, we evaluated different variants of a diagnostic algorithm that included a combination of serological tests, molecular genetic analysis of the viral genome, and other clinical and laboratory parameters. Results. The effectiveness of the DS-ELISA-HIV-AB-TERM (DS) assay for the detection of recent infection was higher than that of the Architect HIV Ag/Ab Combo assay (Abbott). The sensitivity and specificity of the DS assay were 94.4% and 96.7%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the Abbott assay were 86.4% and 77,4%, respectively. The HIV-1 genome variability threshold of 0.33% allowed the differentiation between samples depending on the time since infection with a cut-off of 12 months: 82.1% of recent samples and 62.7% of established samples were correctly identified using this method. We analyzed the effectiveness of schemes of the algorithm for the detection of recent infection lasting no longer than 9 months. Conclusion. Our findings allow us to recommend the algorithm based on the Russian DS assay for the detection of recent HIV-1 cases in routine clinical practice. This algorithm will enable the detection of new HIV cases, thereby improving the disease control. Key words: HIV-1, HIV infection, genetic variability, time since infection, duration of infection, recent infection, early infection, seroconversion


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