The Influence of Diet, Exercise and Education Level During Pregnancy on Child Cavities and Tooth Eruption

Objectives: This study’s objective was to evaluate if exercise during pregnancy, a healthy diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and calcium, and the mother’s educational level influenced the dental health measures of caries risk and tooth eruption of their offspring. Methods: Women with children 6 years and younger completed questionnaires regarding PA and diet (PUFA-rich, calcium-rich (Ca) dairy foods) during pregnancy and education level prior to their child’s dental examination. T-tests were used to compare exercisers and non-exercisers; correlation and regression analyses were conducted to determine relationships and predictors of child dental health, respectively. Results: Eighty-two mother-child pairs were analysed. Exercisers had trends of increased PUFA (p=0.07) and Ca-rich dairy foods (p=0.12) to non-exercisers during pregnancy. Ca-rich dairy foods during pregnancy had positive associations with primary tooth count (p=0.004), mixed surface count (p=0.02), and tooth eruption (p=0.04). Controlling for maternal education and exercise, tooth eruption was predicted by PUFA summary and cheese consumption while dairy summary predicted primary tooth count; caries risk was predicted by maternal education; primary surface caries was associated with exercise duration. Conclusion: During pregnancy, calcium-rich dairy and PUFA-rich foods influenced child tooth eruption and thus tooth count, while exercise duration was associated with primary surface caries. Maternal education was associated with lower caries risk. Our findings support educating women on calcium intake and appropriate exercise levels during pregnancy, plus oral health counseling for their child.

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Prospective Longitudinal Study of Signs and Symptoms Associated With Primary Tooth Eruption

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.2010-2697d ◽

2011 ◽

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Tooth Eruption ◽

Primary Tooth ◽

Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽

Prospective Longitudinal

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Maternal educational inequalities about adverse pregnancy outcomes observed in a rural area of a province of China during a time period (2010–2018)

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health ◽

10.1136/jech-2021-217754 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. jech-2021-217754

Author(s):

Lixin Li ◽

Yanpeng Wu ◽

Yao Yang ◽

Ying Wu ◽

Yan Zhuang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnancy Outcomes ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Rural China ◽

Education Level ◽

Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Health Examination ◽

Educational Inequalities ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Adverse Pregnancy

BackgroundThe relationship between maternal education and adverse pregnancy outcomes is well documented. However, limited research has investigated maternal educational disparities in adverse pregnancy outcomes in China. This study examined maternal educational inequalities associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in rural China.MethodsWe conducted a population-based cohort study using participants enrolled in the National Free Preconception Health Examination Project in Yunnan province from 2010 to 2018. The primary outcome was stillbirth, and the secondary outcome was adverse pregnancy outcomes, defined as a composite event of stillbirth, preterm birth or low birth weight. The study was restricted to singleton births at 20–42 weeks’ gestation. Univariate and multivariate log-binomial regression models were performed to estimate crude risk ratios (RRs) and confounding-adjusted RRs (ARRs) for stillbirth and adverse pregnancy outcomes according to maternal education level.ResultsA total of 197 722 singleton births were included in the study. Compared with mid-educated women, low-educated women were at a significantly increased risk of stillbirth (ARR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.38) and adverse pregnancy outcomes (ARR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.16). However, the risk of stillbirth (ARR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.35) was significantly higher for high-educated women compared with mid-educated women.ConclusionCompared with women with medium education level, women with lower education level were more likely to experience adverse pregnancy outcomes, including stillbirth, and women with higher education level were more likely to experience stillbirth.

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Comparison of national cross-sectional breast-feeding surveys by maternal education in Europe (2006–2016)

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980018002999 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (5) ◽

pp. 848-861 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Mahesh Sarki ◽

Alexandr Parlesak ◽

Aileen Robertson

Keyword(s):

Breast Feeding ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Education Level ◽

Feeding Rates ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Member States ◽

Mandatory Education ◽

Eu Member States ◽

Low Education

AbstractObjectiveBreast-feeding is an important determinant of health of mothers and their offspring. The present study aimed to compare breast-feeding rates across Europe disaggregated by maternal education and establish what proportion achieves at least 50 % exclusive breast-feeding (EBF) at 6 months.Design/SettingSecondary analysis of national or sub-national studies’ breast-feeding data for EU Member States plus Norway and Iceland, published in 2006–2016. Nineteen EU Member States plus Norway reported rates of EBF and any breast-feeding disaggregated by maternal education, of which only thirteen could be matched to the International Standard Classification of Education.ParticipantsMothers and their infants aged 0–12 months.ResultsData on EBF rates at 6 and 4 months were found in only four and six countries, respectively. At 6 months, EBF rates of 49 % in Slovakia and 44 % in Hungary were closest to WHO’s target of at least 50 % EBF. At 4 months, mothers with high education level in Denmark, the Netherlands and Germany had the highest EBF rates (71, 52 and 50 %, respectively). Mothers with low education level were less likely to initiate breast-feeding and cessation occurred early. The inequality gap ranged from 63 % in Irish mothers to no gap or very low levels of inequality in Poland, Sweden and Norway.ConclusionsMore mothers with high, compared with low, education initiate breast-feeding and practise EBF for longer. More European policies should be targeted to protect, support and promote breast-feeding, especially among mothers with only mandatory education.

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Iron-deficiency anemia and associated factors among preschool children in Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Revista de Nutrição ◽

10.1590/1678-98652017000200004 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 185-196

Author(s):

Luciana Neri NOBRE ◽

Angelina do Carmo LESSA ◽

Hilda Christiane de OLIVEIRA ◽

Joel Alves LAMOUNIER ◽

Sylvia do Carmo Castro FRANCISCHINI

Keyword(s):

Preschool Children ◽

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Minas Gerais ◽

Education Level ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Iron Depletion ◽

The City

ABSTRACT Objective: Study the prevalence of iron depletion and iron-deficiency anemia and their associated factors in preschool children. Methods: Cross-sectional study with five-year old preschool children from a birth cohort of the city of Diamantina, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Socioeconomic, demographic, and dietary characteristics were obtained through a questionnaire administered to each child mother or guardian. Iron depletion (normal hemoglobin and low serum ferritin levels) and iron-deficiency anemia (hemoglobin level than 11g/dL) were detected after collecting 5mL of venous blood of preschool children. Poisson regression was used to identify the factors associated with iron depletion and iron-deficiency anemia. Results: A total of 228 preschool were evaluated, corresponding to 97.4% of the children from a cohort study followed-up up to the end of their first year of life. Iron depletion and iron-deficiency anemia were detected, respectively, in 15.9% and 18.9% of the preschool children evaluated. Iron depletion was not associated with any variable studied, while low maternal education level was associated with iron-deficiency anemia (PR=1.83; P=0.03). Conclusion: Iron-deficiency anemia is considered as a mild public health problem among 5-year old children in the city of Diamantina, Minas Gerais. Higher maternal education level was a protective factor against this deficiency, and therefore it is as an important marker for the occurrence of iron-deficiency anemia in the population studied.

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Prevalence of Untreated Early Childhood Caries of 5-Year-Old Children in Hong Kong: A Cross-Sectional Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182211934 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (22) ◽

pp. 11934

Author(s):

Faith Miaomiao Zheng ◽

Iliana Gehui Yan ◽

Duangporn Duangthip ◽

Sherry Shiqian Gao ◽

Edward Chin Man Lo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Childhood ◽

Hong Kong ◽

Oral Health ◽

Early Childhood Caries ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Education Level ◽

Demographic Information ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health Related ◽

Childhood Caries

This cross-sectional survey investigated untreated early childhood caries (ECC) and its associated factors among 5-year-old children in Hong Kong. Children were recruited using a multistage sampling method. One dentist examined the children in kindergarten to diagnose untreated ECC (dt) at the cavitation level. Each child’s demographic information, snacking behaviour, and oral health-related practice were collected using a parental questionnaire. The relationships between the untreated ECC and demographic information, snacking behaviours, and oral health-–related practice were analysed by zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression analysis. This survey recruited 404 children. Their dt score was 2.8 ± 3.8. The significant untreated ECC (SiUC) index, which was one-third of the children with the highest dt score, was 7.1 ± 3.6. Their untreated ECC prevalence was 57%, which was associated with the district the child lived in. Most children with untreated ECC (71%, 164/231) had never visited a dentist. Children who brushed without toothpaste had more untreated ECC. Children coming from low-income families and with a lower maternal education level had a higher risk of ECC. In conclusion, untreated ECC was prevalent and unevenly distributed among 5-year-old children in Hong Kong. Its prevalence was associated with toothpaste use, family income, maternal education level and the district they lived in.

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Insufficient evidence about the association between primary tooth eruption and fever

The Journal of the American Dental Association ◽

10.1016/j.adaj.2017.12.003 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 149 (4) ◽

pp. e66

Author(s):

Romina Brignardello-Petersen

Keyword(s):

Tooth Eruption ◽

Primary Tooth ◽

Insufficient Evidence

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Testing the efficacy of a brief-caries risk assessment form to evaluate the dental health status among preschool children, Bangkok, Thailand

Journal of Health Research ◽

10.1108/jhr-07-2019-0161 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 51-61

Author(s):

Saruta Saengtipbovorn

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Health Status ◽

Dental Health ◽

Caries Risk ◽

Caries Risk Assessment ◽

Content Type ◽

Caries Lesion ◽

Dental Health Status ◽

Caries Assessment

PurposeThe study aims to test the efficacy of brief-caries risk assessment form with standard caries risk assessment form and to evaluate the application of caries risk assessment following American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) between brief and standard caries risk assessment on dental health status among preschool children.Design/methodology/approachBrief-caries risk assessment form was developed. Then, experimental study was conducted in public health center 54 among 70 patients (35 test and 35 control) from January to July 2019. Test group used brief-caries assessment form, and control group used standard form. Both groups received the same caries risk assessment criteria and management protocol from AAPD. At baseline, 3-month and 6-month follow-up, caries risk and dental health status (plaque index, cavitated caries lesion and non-cavitated caries lesion) were assessed. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistic, t-test, chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and repeated measures ANOVA.FindingsPercentage of high caries risk decreased from baseline (93.9%: test and 96.9%: control) to 6-month follow-up (66.7%: test and 65.6%: control) in both groups, with no statistically significant differences between groups. Plaque index, cavitated caries lesion and non-cavitated caries lesion were not statistically significant differences between groups. Brief-caries assessment decreased times/visit from 10-15 minutes to 5 minutes.Originality/valueBrief-caries assessment form decreased caries risk and prevented dental caries as the standard form. Using brief-caries assessment form could save time, is cost-effective and is appropriate for use in public health centers. However, a short follow-up time might have insufficient power to detect the differences between groups.

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