scholarly journals Minority Health and Health Disparities in the 21st Century: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-03
Author(s):  
Mandal P ◽  
Devontenno K. ◽  
Gary J. ◽  
Grandville N. ◽  
Hale D. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Health Inequality ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Minority Health ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Unfair Treatment ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Complex Relationships

Powerful, complex relationships exist between health and biology, genetics, and individual behavior, and between health and health services, socioeconomic status, the physical environment, discrimination, racism, literacy levels, and legislative policies. These factors, which influence an individual’s or population’s health, are known as determinants of health. Today, health disparity is taking an in depth look at the differences in health status between different social groups, gender, race, ethnicity, education, income, disability, and sexual orientation. While on the other hand, health inequality is looking at the unjust and unfair treatment one gets because of their socioeconomic status and demographic area. Such a wide array of differences in health inequality and disparity is what contributes to the United States ranking in the bottom of industrialized western nations when it comes to life expectancy rate, and infant mortality rate. Even though over the years there have been great improvements and changes, there is still more work to be done to make health and equality for all.

Stereotypes and Prejudice

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Marx ◽  
Sei Jin Ko
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Social Judgments ◽  
The Face ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Antecedents And Consequences

Stereotypes are widely held generalized beliefs about the behaviors and attributes possessed by individuals from certain social groups (e.g., race/ethnicity, sex, age, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation). They are often unchanging even in the face of contradicting information; however, they are fluid in the sense that stereotypic beliefs do not always come to mind or are expressed unless a situation activates the stereotype. Stereotypes generally serve as an underlying justification for prejudice, which is the accompanying feeling (typically negative) toward individuals from a certain social group (e.g., the elderly, Asians, transgender individuals). Many contemporary social issues are rooted in stereotypes and prejudice; thus research in this area has primarily focused on the antecedents and consequences of stereotype and prejudice as well as the ways to minimize the reliance on stereotypes when making social judgments.

Nursing Research in Community-Based Approaches to Reduce Exposure to Secondhand Smoke

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 365-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen J. Hahn ◽  
Kristin B. Ashford ◽  
Chizimuzo T. C. Okoli ◽  
Mary Kay Rayens ◽  
S. Lee Ridner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Secondhand Smoke ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Emergency Department Visits ◽  
Nursing Research ◽  
Smoke Free Policy ◽  
Shs Exposure ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Secondhand smoke (SHS) is the third leading cause of preventable death in the United States and a major source of indoor air pollution, accounting for an estimated 53,000 deaths per year among nonsmokers. Secondhand smoke exposure varies by gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. The most effective public health intervention to reduce SHS exposure is to implement and enforce smoke-free workplace policies that protect entire populations including all workers regardless of occupation, race/ethnicity, gender, age, and socioeconomic status. This chapter summarizes community and population-based nursing research to reduce SHS exposure. Most of the nursing research in this area has been policy outcome studies, documenting improvement in indoor air quality, worker’s health, public opinion, and reduction in Emergency Department visits for asthma, acute myocardial infarction among women, and adult smoking prevalence. These findings suggest a differential health effect by strength of law. Further, smoke-free laws do not harm business or employee turnover, nor are revenues from charitable gaming affected. Additionally, smoke-free laws may eventually have a positive effect on cessation among adults. There is emerging nursing science exploring the link between SHS exposure to nicotine and tobacco dependence, suggesting one reason that SHS reduction is a quit smoking strategy. Other nursing research studies address community readiness for smoke-free policy, and examine factors that build capacity for smoke-free policy. Emerging trends in the field include tobacco free health care and college campuses. A growing body of nursing research provides an excellent opportunity to conduct and participate in community and population-based research to reduce SHS exposure for both vulnerable populations and society at large.

scholarly journals Trends and Social Inequalities in Maternal Mortality in the United States, 1969-2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-42
Author(s):  
Gopal K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Deprivation Level ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Background: Despite the previous long-term decline and a recent increase in maternal mortality, detailed social inequalities in maternal mortality in the United States (US) have not been analyzed. This study examines trends and inequalities in US maternal mortality by maternal race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, nativity/immigrant status, marital status, area deprivation, urbanization level, and cause of death. Methods: National vital statistics data from 1969 to 2018 were used to compute maternal mortality rates by sociodemographic factors. Mortality trends by deprivation level were analyzed by using censusbased deprivation indices. Rate ratios and log-linear regression were used to model mortality trends and differentials. Results: Maternal mortality declined by 68% between 1969 and 1998. However, there was a recent upturn in maternal mortality, with the rate increasing from 9.9 deaths/100,000 live births in 1999 to 17.4 in 2018. The large racial disparity persisted over time; Black women in 2018 had a 2.4 times higher risk of maternal mortality than White women. During 2013-2017, the rate varied from 7.0 for Chinese women to 42.0 for non-Hispanic Black women. Unmarried status, US-born status, lower education, and rural residence were associated with 50-114% higher maternal mortality risks. Mothers in the most-deprived areas had a 120% higher risk of mortality than those in the most-affluent areas; both absolute and relative disparities in mortality by deprivation level widened between 2002 and 2018. Hemorrhage, pregnancy-related hypertension, embolism, infection, and chronic conditions were the leading causes of maternal death, with 31% of the deaths attributable to indirect obstetric causes. Conclusions and Global Health Implications: Despite the steep long-term decline in US maternal mortality, substantial racial/ethnic, socioeconomic, and rural-urban disparities remain. Monitoring disparities according to underlying social determinants is key to reducing maternal mortality as they give rise to inequalities in social conditions and health-risk factors that lead to maternal morbidity and mortality. Key words: Maternal mortality • Socioeconomic status • Deprivation • Race/ethnicity • Rural-urban • Disparities • Cause of death • Trend. Copyright © 2021 Singh. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in this journal, is properly cited.

scholarly journals Research Roundup: Diversity through International Youth Literature

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Y. Goldsmith ◽  
Betsy Diamant-Cohen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
English Language ◽  
Multicultural Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Missing Link ◽  
The World ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Youth Literature

What Is International Youth Literature? Why Does It Matter?International youth literature—translated books and English-language imports first published outside of the United States—can be the missing link in diversifying collections. Our diversity discussions tend to focus on multicultural literature that is originally published in the United States. At first glance diverse books from here and abroad can seem indistinguishable since they may have a similar focus or setting—that is, by race, ethnicity, ability, socioeconomic status, etc.—so it is not surprising that international books are often mistaken for multicultural books. Sometimes only a close look will reveal that a book has been translated or was first published in English abroad. Reading international youth literature moves us to the margins for a change and is an opportunity to see what the rest of the world thinks. By paying attention to this literature, we broaden our perspectives and validate international voices.

scholarly journals Are Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Mortality from Acute Leukemia Due to Socioeconomic Status Factors? Data from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Database Linked to the National Longitudinal Mortality Study

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. 2101-2101
Author(s):  
Manali I. Patel ◽  
Norman Johnson ◽  
Sean Altekruse ◽  
Kim Rhoads
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Acute Leukemia ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cancer Information ◽  
Insurance Status ◽  
Mortality Study ◽  
Hispanic Patients ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Mortality Disparities ◽  
End Results

Abstract Background: Previously, we demonstrated mortality disparities for minorities with Acute Leukemia (AL) despite favorable demographic and genetic prognostic factors. We also showed that differences in treatment by race/ethnicity explained a large component of this disparity. However, due to the limitations of the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) stand-alone database, we could not explore the association between AL mortality and socioeconomic status (SES) factors. The purpose of the current study is to determine how SES impacts racial/ethnic differences in AL mortality using an expanded SEER-SES linked dataset. Because SES may influence the receipt of high quality care, we hypothesize that SES factors will explain some proportion of AL mortality disparities. Methods: Patients with acute lymphocytic (ALL) and acute myeloid (AML) leukemia were identified in SEER and linked to the National Longitudinal Mortality Study (NLMS). The NLMS contains patient-level SES factors collected by in-person and telephone interview surveys for a random sample in the United States Census Bureau Current Population Surveys (CPS) from the years 1979 to 2011. The SEER-NLMS linkage includes detailed cancer information (date of diagnosis, type of cancer, cause of death) and detailed SES factors (marital status, education, income, home ownership, occupation, insurance status) as well as individual demographic factors (age, gender, race/ethnicity). Cox proportional hazard models were built to estimate the hazard of mortality by race/ethnicity after consideration of individual, clinical, and SES factors. Results: A total of 621 patients were diagnosed with ALL and AML during the study period. Thirty-six records were excluded due to missing data leaving 124 (21%) patients with ALL and 461 (79%) with AML in the analysis. ALL: The majority of patients were non-Hispanic white (NHW) (n=73; 59%), followed by Hispanic (n=22; 18%), Asian Pacific Islander (API) (n=8; 6%), non-Hispanic black (NHB) (n=8; 6%) and unspecified/other race (n=13; 10%). Hispanic patients had a 3-fold increase in the hazard of death (HR 3.21; 95% CI (2.00-5.17)) when compared to NHW patients. Education and income decreased the hazard of death for Hispanic compared to NHW patients (HR 2.33 95% CI (1.21-4.48)). Insurance status further reduced this disparity (HR 2.02 95% CI (1.01-4.04)). Further adjustment for occupation and household ownership completely neutralized these disparities (HR 1.14; 95% CI (0.52-2.41)). AML: The sample included 67% NHW (n=311) patients; 7% Hispanic (n =31), 5% NHB (n=22), 6% API (n=29) and 15% patients with unspecified/other race (n=68). Similar to ALL, there was a significant association between Hispanic ethnicity and increase hazard of mortality (HR 1.50; 95% CI (1.06-2.11)). There was a marked decreased hazard of mortality associated with API (HR 0.64 95% CI (0.44-0.91)) compared with NHW patients. The results in models adjusted for select SES factors demonstrated a persistent, unchanged mortality disparity for Hispanic patients. Conclusions: SES factors explain some proportion of disparities in acute leukemia mortality, with the most impact in ALL; however, SES factors do not have as strong of an association in AML. Future interventions should be attentive to the underlying and specific factors that can reduce disparities in these diseases. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and ALS mortality in the United States

Neurology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 87 (22) ◽  
pp. 2300-2308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea L. Roberts ◽  
Norman J. Johnson ◽  
Jarvis T. Chen ◽  
Merit E. Cudkowicz ◽  
Marc G. Weisskopf
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Race Ethnicity
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