EASTERN TRANS-KAMA REGION IN THE SYSTEM OF CULTURES AND CIVILIZATIONS OF THE VOLGA-URAL REGION AND EURASIA (ON THE INTERACTION OF THE NOMADIC AND SEDENTARY CULTURES OF EURASIA IN ANTIQUITY AND THE MIDDLE AGES)

AbstractThe Volga-Ural region, like many others in the territory of Eastern Europe, experienced repeated waves of migrating peoples during the Middle Ages. One result of the migratory process was the appearance in this region of numerous sites, many of which shared significant similarities, belonging to the Imen'kovo and Turbaslino cultures. The ethno-cultural and chronological features of these cultures has remained a point of controversy for quite some time. In recent years, a series of settlements and cemeteries located in Turkestan have been the focus of study. The materials from these sites suggests that their dating was contemporary with the First (Great) Türk Kaghanate and the late Sarmatian period. Many elements of the Turbaslino Imen'kovo cemeteries (Kushnarenkovo, II Kominternovo burial fields, the late burials of the Birska burial fields, among others) are related to the antiquities of the Dzhyetyasarskovo culture of the Aral Sea region. These elements include, but are not limited to, the following: lined pits, the intentional deformation of skulls found in graves, a variety of items of clothing and ornaments (Fig. 2; Fig. 3, 6 - 25, 28, 29; Fig. 4, 1 - 8, 11, 19). Other especially remarkable finds are two chalices of greenish and bluish glass from the Birska and II Kominternovo burial fields (Fig. 1E, 1; Fig. 4, 14; Photos 1 and 2). Their similar sizes, form, and fluted ornamentation would suggest common origin - probably Near Eastern (Syrian?) imports, most likely used originally for administrating communion wine by Christians. The appearance of these finds in the Volga-Ural region is best explained by the migratory process which occurred in the area during the second half of the sixth century A.D. which was connected with the creation of the First Türk Kaghanate.

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BRIEF INFORMATION ABOUT CONTACTS BETWEEN MUSLIMS OF DAGESTAN AND THE VOLGA-URAL REGION IN THE XVIII-XX CENTURIES.

History Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus ◽

10.32653/ch161104-128 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 104-128

Author(s):

Shamil Sh. Shikhaliev

Keyword(s):

Middle Ages ◽

Cultural Development ◽

Ural Region ◽

Printed Books ◽

The Russian Empire ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

To Receive ◽

Private Collections ◽

Volga Ural Region ◽

Close Contacts

Religious contacts of Muslims of Dagestan and the Volga-Ural region have not been in the focus of any particular research till date. Scarce information from various Tatar theologians, who studied in Dagestan at the end of the 17th – 18th centuries, have already been mentioned by Tatar researchers. However, numerous Arabographic sources in Arabic and Tatar show close contacts of the Muslim elite of these two regions, starting from the Middle Ages. The present article aims to review available sources about the educational and scientific contacts of Dagestanis, Tatars, and Bashkirs. The sources available and analyzed in the article revealed the bilateral nature of these contacts. While at the end of the 17th – 18th centuries a number of Tatar theologians received a proper education in Dagestan and opened madrasahs in the Volga-Ural region according to the Dagestan type, then starting from the second half of the 19th century one can observe a quiet strong influence of ideas that were widespread in the Volga-Ural region on the Dagestan intellectual elite. Moreover, starting from the 20th century, Tatar journals, textbooks and scientific literature began to penetrate widely into Dagestan, as evidenced by their considerable number of manuscripts and old printed books in private collections. Mutual contacts of Muslims of Dagestan and the Volga-Ural region were due to various reasons – traveling in order to receive education, exile, commercial affairs, personal correspondence, etc. The mixing and interpenetration of the educational, scientific traditions of the Muslims of these two regions led to their wider cultural development and closer integration into various institutions of the Russian Empire.

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Muslim Coins as a Commodity and Means of Payment in International and Internal Trade In Volga-Ural Region In 8th- Beginning of 11th cc

Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) ◽

10.24852/pa2021.4.38.137.151 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (38) ◽

pp. 137-151

Author(s):

Rafael M. Valeev ◽

◽

Yuri A. Zeleneev ◽

Keyword(s):

Middle Ages ◽

Principal Part ◽

Ural Region ◽

Time Span ◽

Northern Europe ◽

Main Role ◽

Early Middle Ages ◽

Trade Relations ◽

Volga Ural Region

The article examines the spread of Muslim Kufic coins in Eastern, Western and Northern Europe, on the territory of Volga Bulgaria, Ancient Rus, the neighbours of Bulgars – ancestors of the Mari, Udmurt, Mordva and other Finno-Ugric ethnicities during the early Middle Ages in the 8th – beginning of the 11th centuries. The research of these coins shows the list of countries and Muslim dynasties the above-mentioned countries had trade relations with and their chronological framework. Coins of Umayyads, Abbasids, Samanids, Buwayhids, Ziyarids, Qarakhanids and other Muslim dynasties were discovered. Ways of Kufic dirhems expansion and their chronological framework are shown. The main role of Khazar Khanate is marked for the time span of 8th – 9th centuries whereas since X century the principal part was played by Volga Bulgaria. American numismatist T. Noonan designated them as Khazar and Bulgar phases of trade of Kufic coins. Bulgar coins, minted in 902–990-s, participated actively in this process. Together they acted as a commodity and medium of exchange, which reflected the scale of trade operations of the early Middle Ages. The study of Muslim Kufic dirhems allowed the author to clear up the role of Khazar Khanate and Volga Bulgaria in the functioning of Great Silk and Volga routes in the 8th – beginning of the 11th centuries.

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Archaeological Studies of M.G. Moshkova in Orenburg Region in the 1950–1960s and Their Significance for the Volga-Ural Region Archaeology

Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik ◽

10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2019.1.1 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 8-13

Author(s):

Andrey Evgen’ev

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

Middle Ages ◽

Iron Age ◽

Ural Region ◽

Archaeological Sites ◽

Forest Steppe ◽

Orenburg Region ◽

Burial Grounds ◽

The Bronze Age ◽

Volga Ural Region

The article considers the activity on studying archaeological sites of the Bronze Age, the Early Iron Age and the era of the Middle Ages in the east of Orenburg region performed by M.G. Moshkova in the 1950th – 1960th. The group of the Southern Ural archaeological expedition under the leadership of M.G. Moshkova investigated Novo-Kumakskiy and Alandskoe I-III burial grounds. Studying the monuments of the east area of Sauromatian culture allowed to specify borders of their distribution and to reveal manifestations of fire cult in the funeral ceremony. The article introduces the idea of formation of the South Ural early Sarmatian culture on the basis of Sauromatian culture with participation of tribes of the forest-steppe Trans-Ural region and the Aral region in this process. Also M.G. Moshkova revealed and investigated burial and settlement sites of Alakul culture that allowed to make adjustments in the periodization of Andronovo cultural and historical community. Studying the burials of medieval nomads in Novo-Kumakskiy burial ground led to specification of the periodization of South Ural history in the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. Thus, works of M.G. Moshkova in the east of Orenburg region promoted the solution of key problems of the Southern Cis-Ural and Trans-Ural history in the 2nd millennium BC – the 2nd millennium AD.

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