scholarly journals The Effects of Use of the Range Extender in a Small Commercial Electric Vehicle

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
Marcin Noga ◽  
Paweł Gorczyca ◽  
Radosław Hebda
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Maximum Output ◽  
Fuel Conversion ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Fuel Ratio ◽  
Range Extender ◽  
Three Way Catalyst

Research on the effects of the use of the range extender developed for a small commercial electric vehicle was presented in this paper. The range extender has a maximum output power of 2.65 kW. The developed auxiliary power unit consists of a three-phase generator propelled by an industrial low-power spark-ignition engine. The exhaust system was improved using a more efficient muffler. The implemented motorcycle muffler has a three-way catalyst (TWC) integrated inside. The use of the more advanced exhaust system aimed at reducing noise and exhaust emissions of the range extender. The efficient operation of the three-way catalytic converter requires a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. To enable desired air-fuel ratio a fuel system was modified. In the first stage of research, the effects of improvements of the exhaust system on the range extender noise emissions were quantified. The next step covered the research of the fuel conversion efficiency, the exhaust gas composition, and the efficiency of conversion of the three-way catalyst. A significant decrease of noise and toxic gas emissions and an increase in the fuel conversion efficiency were revealed. The mentioned research was conducted in stationary conditions. After that, in the final part research of the running vehicle with the range extender on was made. The beneficial outcome of these tests enabled the development of a set of rules of the control of the range extender.

Measurements of in-cylinder mixture strength and fuel accumulation in the inlet port of a gasoline - injected engine during very rapid throttle openings

1998 ◽  
Vol 212 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Ladommatos ◽  
D Rose
Keyword(s):  
Engine Speed ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Fuel Injectors ◽  
Inlet Port ◽  
Fuel Ratio ◽  
Fuel Accumulation ◽  
Engine Coolant ◽  
Three Way Catalyst

The mixture strength in a cylinder of a port-injected gasoline engine was monitored continuously during very rapid throttle openings. The data on mixture strength were combined with other engine data collected in order to obtain for each successive engine cycle: the air—fuel ratio within the cylinder and the change in the fuel mass accumulating on the inlet port of the cylinder being monitored. The four-cylinder spark-ignition engine used had a displacement of 1.6 litre, four valves per cylinder and multipoint sequential fuel injection controlled by an electronic management system programmed for three - way catalyst operation. All tests were conducted with the engine coolant at the temperature of 90°C and at a constant engine speed of 2000 r/min. The engine transient involved very rapid throttle openings which were completed within about 15 ms. Small and large throttle openings were investigated along with the effect of altering the type and condition of the fuel injectors. The engine response to the fast throttle opening comprised a sharp rise in the air—fuel ratio (maximum gravimetric air—fuel ratio of around 25:1) which lasted for only a single cycle, followed by a drop in the air-fuel ratio (minimum air—fuel ratio of about 10:1) and, subsequently, a gradual rise towards a stoichiometric air—fuel ratio within about 10 engine cycles.

A Study on Parameter Design of Powertrain for Extended-Range Electric Vehicle

2012 ◽  
Vol 215-216 ◽  
pp. 1318-1322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Hua Xu
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Parameter Design ◽  
Energy Management Strategy ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Range Extender ◽  
Extended Range ◽  
Driving Range ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Avl Cruise

The motivation for this development is to establish a new method of powertrain structural analysis and parameters matching of extended-range electric vehicle. For the main drawback of pure electric vehicle, which driving distance is short, the new powertrain will achieve efficient operation of range extender and extend the driving range effectually. The innovative technique is based on a co-simulation platform of AVL-Cruise and Simulink. A thermostat energy management strategy is adopted to verify the parameters of powertrain. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate that the system design and parameters matching of the whole vehicle powertrain are reasonable.

scholarly journals Development of the range extender for a 48 V electric vehicle

2019 ◽  
Vol 177 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-121
Author(s):  
Marcin NOGA
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Maximum Output Power ◽  
Operating Voltage ◽  
Maximum Output ◽  
Nickel Metal ◽  
Nickel Metal Hydride ◽  
Range Extender

The article deals with the concept, development and results of preliminary tests of a range extender for an electric light commercial vehicle Melex with a 48 V electrical system. The purpose of the project is to build a prototype of the range extender powered by an internal combustion engine that will increase the range of the vehicle with electric drive, and at the same time will be characterized by a high efficiency and low exhaust emissions. The developed range extender is a combination of a 163cc single-cylinder combustion engine with a generator joined through a ribbed belt transmission. The 3-phase generator from a heavy-duty vehicle was used. In order to match the output voltage of the generator to the system voltage of the electric vehicle, an external adjustable regulator and a rectifier bridge with an increased operating voltage were used. The range extender was attached to a body of the electric vehicle by means of a welded frame made of thin-walled steel profiles. Initial tests of the developed range extender showed its proper interaction with both the lead-acid battery of the vehicle as well as with the nickel-metal hydride battery (NiMH) adapted to 48 V voltage from a hybrid electric vehicle. A maximum output power exceeding 2 kW was obtained. Maximum value of the overall efficiency of the range extender reaches up to 18.8%, which is a high value considering the small size of the used engine and the type of generator. The directions for further development of the range extender were also revealed in this paper.

System Dynamics Analysis and Mode-Switch Control for a 3-Mode Range-Extender Electric Vehicle

2013 ◽  
Vol 459 ◽  
pp. 361-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Hsuan Hung ◽  
Chien Hsun Wu ◽  
Chun Ying Lin ◽  
Yu Ming Tung
Keyword(s):  
System Dynamics ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
System Modeling ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Mode Switch ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Control Rules ◽  
Range Extender ◽  
Switch Control

This paper studies the system modeling and mode-switch control for a novel 3-mode (serial/parallel/pure electric) range-extender electric vehicle (REEV). The REEV is modeled with low-order dynamics of 8 subsystems: the driving pattern, drivers behavior, lithium batteries, a spark-ignition engine, a traction motor, a generator, a 6-speed transmission, and a longitudinal vehicle dynamics. Dynamics of the REEV is the integration of above subsystems. To properly evaluate the system performance of the REEV, a rule-based mode-switch control rule is designed with 7 operation modes (System Ready, EV, Serial, Coast Down, Coast-Down Regen., Idle Regen., Parallel). By applying the control rules for the 3-mode REEV, the vehicle can properly operate. Simulation is conducted on the Matlab/Simulink platform. The results show that this study details the system dynamics of subsystems and the vehicle. Meanwhile the rule-based control strategy governs the subsystems well. The developed simulator can be utilized for specification designs of real vehicles and for vehicle control unit designs in the near future.

scholarly journals Back pressure effect on three-way catalyst light-off

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 726-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan H Baron ◽  
Wai K Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Back Pressure ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Hydrocarbon Mixture ◽  
Hydrocarbon Conversion ◽  
Idle Period ◽  
Lower Back ◽  
Three Way Catalyst ◽  
Lower Back Pressure

The effect of back pressure on the light-off of a modern spark ignition engine three-way catalyst has been assessed by measuring the hydrocarbon conversion efficiency in a hot flow bench and in the cold-idle period in an engine. In the flow bench experiment, a small amount of propane/air mixture is used as a surrogate for the hydrocarbon mixture. The conversion efficiency is found to be only a function of temperature. The efficiency is independent of pressure, space velocity, and the equivalence ratio of the hydrocarbon mixture for λ ≥ 1. In the engine test, while the engine-out exhaust gas temperature is higher at a higher back pressure, there is little difference between the gas temperatures at the catalyst entrance for different back pressures at retarded spark timing. This observation is attributed to the larger amount of exhaust hydrocarbon conversion oxidation between the engine exit and the catalyst entrance with the lower back pressure. The heat release from this oxidation compensates for the lower engine-out exhaust temperature at the lower back pressure. The catalyst temperature increases modestly and light-off time shortens correspondingly at the higher back pressure. This observation is attributed solely to the increase in mass flow rate (and thus exhaust sensible enthalpy flow rate) of the engine needed to overcome the additional pumping loss due to the throttling of the exhaust. These results have been confirmed with a simple one-dimensional catalyst model.

EFFECT OF AIR-FUEL RATIO ON SYNGAS COMBUSTION IN AN OPTICALLY ACCESSIBLE SPARK IGNITION ENGINE

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
santiago daniel martinez boggio ◽  
Pedro Lacava ◽  
Maycon Silva ◽  
SIMONA MEROLA ◽  
Adrian Irimescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Fuel Ratio ◽  
Syngas Combustion

Investigating anode off-gas under spark-ignition combustion for SOFC-ICE hybrid systems

2021 ◽  
pp. 146808742110169
Author(s):  
Zhongnan Ran ◽  
Jon Longtin ◽  
Dimitris Assanis
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Systems ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Fuel Conversion ◽  
Generation Plant ◽  
Complementary Role ◽  
Power Generation Plant

Solid oxide fuel cell – internal combustion engine (SOFC-ICE) hybrid systems are an attractive solution for electricity generation. The system can achieve up to 70% theoretical electric power conversion efficiency through energy cascading enabled by utilizing the anode off-gas from the SOFC as the fuel source for the ICE. Experimental investigations were conducted with a single cylinder Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine by altering fuel-air equivalence ratio (ϕ), and compression ratio (CR) to study the engine load, combustion characteristics, and emissions levels of dry SOFC anode off-gas consisting of 33.9% H2, 15.6% CO, and 50.5% CO2. The combustion efficiency of the anode off-gas was directly evaluated by measuring the engine-out CO emissions. The highest net-indicated fuel conversion efficiency of 31.3% occurred at ϕ  = 0.90 and CR = 13:1. These results demonstrate that the anode off-gas can be successfully oxidized using a spark ignition combustion mode. The fuel conversion efficiency of the anode tail gas is expected to further increase in a more modern engine architecture that can achieve increased burn rates in comparison to the CFR engine. NOx emissions from the combustion of anode off-gas were minimal as the cylinder peak temperatures never exceeded 1800 K. This experimental study ultimately demonstrates the viability of an ICE to operate using an anode off-gas, thus creating a complementary role for an ICE to be paired with a SOFC in a hybrid power generation plant.

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