scholarly journals Expressive Uses of Proper Names as Units of Measure in the Current Informal Online Discussion about Politics in Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (XXII) ◽  
pp. 41-54
Author(s):  
Iwona Góralczyk
Keyword(s):  
Online Discussion ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Linguistic Account ◽  
Novel Words

This study offers a cognitive linguistic account of a few remarkably innova-tive uses of proper names to denote units of measure in utterances related to current political issues in Poland, which are delivered with ironic, sarcastic or humorous intent (such as jachiry and ziemce). The novel words, which are all nonce-formations, are minor conversions. They occur preceded by numerals and are pluralised. The coinages creatively elaborate on the morphological and semantic pattern utilised in scientific terminological eponyms (such as niutony and bubnoffy). The focus of this contribution is placed on metonymies and metaphors that motivate the form and content of the coinages.

Blogging for Sovereignty

2012 ◽  
pp. 148-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin D. Martin ◽  
Sherine El-Toukhy
Keyword(s):  
Online Discussion ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Palestinian Territories ◽  
Arabic And English ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Discussion Spaces

Blogs addressing political issues are often viewed as highly polarized online discussion spaces. To test the universality of this assumption, the authors evaluated 127 Palestinian blogs written in both Arabic and English languages. Blogs authored by Palestinians living in the Palestinian Territories and the State of Israel, members of the Palestinian Diaspora, and Palestinian advocates of other nationalities were analyzed in terms of the prevalence of political content, perceptions of the State of Israel, and differences in content due to language, nationality, and geographical location. Results of the analysis indicate that blogs in the sample were primarily political and that most blogs were critical of the State of Israel and its policies. The tone of discourse regarding the State of Israel, however, was not as reflexively visceral as one might have anticipated, particularly among blogs written in English and those authored by Palestinian advocates.

Describing Sound

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Wallmark ◽  
Roger A. Kendall
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Linguistic Approach ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Empirical Thought ◽  
Linguistic Account ◽  
Human Embodiment

Timbre exists at the confluence of the physical and the perceptual, and due to inconsistencies between these frames, it is notoriously hard to describe. This chapter examines the relationship between timbre and language, offering a critical review of theoretical and empirical thought on timbre semantics and providing a preliminary cognitive linguistic account of timbre description. It first traces the major conceptual and methodological advances in psychological timbre research since the 1970s with a focus on the mediating role of verbalization in previous paradigms. It then discusses the cognitive mechanisms underlying how listeners map timbral qualities onto verbal attributes. Applying a cognitive linguistic approach, the chapter concludes that timbre description may reflect certain fundamental aspects of human embodiment, which may help account for certain trans-historical and cross-cultural consistencies in descriptive practices.

Metaphor and metonymy in jokes

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 650-684
Author(s):  
Javier Herrero Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
Linguistic Account ◽  
Metaphor And Metonymy

Abstract Over the last few years there has been a rapprochement between Cognitive Linguistics and semantic theories of humour based on the notion of script or frame. By drawing on Ritchie’s version of the theory of frame-shifting (2005) and reviewing the cognitive linguistic account of humour, we shall demonstrate how the interpretation of jokes containing a metaphor or a metonymy involves two cognitive-pragmatic tasks: the completion of the metaphorical/metonymic mapping that results in a new frame, and the resolution of the joke’s incongruity via a contrast with the surrounding frames of the joke. We also develop a classification of frame shifts according to their ontological structure (non-metaphorical/metonymic shifts and shifts based on metaphorical and/or metonymic reasoning) and the degree of the interpreter’s inferential activity (conceptual filling out and metaphor/metonymy replacement). In doing so, we attempt to identify some of the defining features of humorous metaphors and metonymies, as well as other phenomena that may also characterise jokes.

Attention and word learning in toddlers who are late talkers

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1020-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHELLE MACROY-HIGGINS ◽  
ELIZABETH A. MONTEMARANO
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Word Learning ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Attention Allocation ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Auditory Comprehension ◽  
Late Talkers ◽  
Novel Words

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine attention allocation in toddlers who were late talkers and toddlers with typical language development while they were engaged in a word-learning task in order to determine if differences exist. Two-year-olds who were late talkers (11) and typically developing toddlers (11) were taught twelve novel pseudo-words for unfamiliar objects over ten training sessions. The toddlers' attention allocation during the word-learning sessions was measured as well as their comprehension of the newly learned words. Late talkers showed reduced attention allocation to objects during word-training sessions, and also comprehended fewer of the novel words than toddlers with typical language development. Attention allocation was found to be a stronger predictor of word learning as compared to cognition and auditory comprehension. Reduced attention allocation may contribute to the early lexical delay characteristic in late talkers.

Effects of Types of Featural Information on Interpretation by Young Children of Novel Words at the Superordinate Level

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Tamura
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Target Item ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Novel Words

In this experiment with a Novel Label Task, 48 children ages 5 to 6 years were given a novel word for a target item, e.g., a dog. They were also given one of two types of featural information for the target item, a feature naturally common to animals, i.e., “This has a heart inside,” or an accidental feature uncommon to animals, i.e., “This gets a splinter.” As a result, the number of children who interpreted the novel word at the superordinate level (animal) increased significantly when they were given the feature naturally common to animals. On the other hand, there was no significant increase for an accidental feature. Further, the children were given the instruction that all animal items in this task had the same featutes as the target item. As a result, although the number of children who interpreted the novel word at the superordinate level (animal) increased significantly when they were given both the feature naturally common to animals and also the accidental feature, there were more when the instruction was with the feature naturally common to animals than with the accidental feature. The findings were discussed in relation to the factors corresponding to young children's interpretation of a novel word at the superordinate level.

scholarly journals Non-native phonemes in adult word learning: evidence from the N400m

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1536) ◽  
pp. 3697-3709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Dobel ◽  
Lothar Lagemann ◽  
Pienie Zwitserlood
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Word Learning ◽  
Native Language ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Learning Paradigm ◽  
Minimal Pairs ◽  
Lexical Activation ◽  
Semantic Access ◽  
Novel Words

Newborns are equipped with a large phonemic inventory that becomes tuned to one's native language early in life. We review and add new data about how learning of a non-native phoneme can be accomplished in adults and how the efficiency of word learning can be assessed by neurophysiological measures. For this purpose, we studied the acquisition of the voiceless, bilabial fricative /Φ/ via a statistical-learning paradigm. Phonemes were embedded in minimal pairs of pseudowords, differing only with respect to the fricative (/aΦo/ versus /afo/). During learning, pseudowords were combined with pictures of objects with some combinations of pseudowords and pictures occurring more frequently than others. Behavioural data and the N400m component, as an index of lexical activation/semantic access, showed that participants had learned to associate the pseudowords with the pictures. However, they could not discriminate within the minimal pairs. Importantly, before learning, the novel words with the sound /Φ/ showed smaller N400 amplitudes than those with native phonemes, evidencing their non-word status. Learning abolished this difference indicating that /Φ/ had become integrated into the native category /f/, instead of establishing a novel category. Our data and review demonstrate that native phonemic categories are powerful attractors hampering the mastery of non-native contrasts.

The Type, but Not the Amount, of Information Available Influences Toddlers' Fast Mapping and Retention of New Words

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn W. Brady ◽  
Judith C. Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Word Learning ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Fast Mapping ◽  
New Words ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Significant Rate ◽  
Mapping Task ◽  
Novel Words

Purpose The authors of this study examined whether the type and number of word-learning cues affect how children infer and retain word-meaning mappings and whether the use of these cues changes with age. Method Forty-eight 18- to 36-month-old children with typical language participated in a fast-mapping task in which 6 novel words were presented with 3 types of cues to the words' referents, either singly or in pairs. One day later, children were tested for retention of the novel words. Results By 24 months of age, children correctly inferred the referents of the novel words at a significant level. Children retained the meanings of words at a significant rate by 30 months of age. Children retained the first 3 of the 6 word-meaning mappings by 24 months of age. For both fast mapping and retention, the efficacy of different cue types changed with development, but children were equally successful whether the novel words were presented with 1 or 2 cues. Conclusion The type of information available to children at fast mapping affects their ability to both form and retain word-meaning associations. Providing children with more information in the form of paired cues had no effect on either fast mapping or retention.

scholarly journals Mañana, las ratas de José B. Adolph

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodja Bernardoni
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Mario Vargas Llosa ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Literary Genres ◽  
Distant Future ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Julio Ramon Ribeyro ◽  
Alfredo Bryce Echenique ◽  
Intertextual Connections ◽  
Do So

This paper aims to analyse the novel Mañana, las ratas by German-Peruvian writer José Bernardo Adolph. Written in 1977 and published in 1984 the text is a dystopian novel set in a distant future, that nevertheless is a vivid representation of the dynamics and the conflicts of the Peruvian society of the 70s and 80s. This study intends to investigate the structure of the novel in order to point out how the author succeeds in blending together two different literary genres such as dystopian fiction and realism, creating a new version of the classic paradigm of dystopic narrative. To do so, the research will concentrate on the study of some significant example of the Adolph’s previous books, and on the intertextual connections of Mañana, las ratas with both classic dystopian novels such as 1984, We or Brand New World and writers such as José Diez-Canseco, Sebastián Salazar Bondy, Julio Ramón Ribeyro, Alfredo Bryce Echenique y Mario Vargas Llosa, whose texts explore through different mode of realism social and political issues of their time.

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