Educating Women, Recasting Patriarchy

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-107
Author(s):  
Etty Terem
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Cultural Revival ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Policy Initiatives ◽  
Cultural Innovation ◽  
Colonial Society ◽  
Social Reorganization

Abstract This article explores the development of reformist thought and the formulation of modern identities in colonial Morocco. In seeking to move beyond conceptualizing ideas of social reorganization and cultural revival as determined by the encounter between the colonizer and the colonized, it shifts the critical focus to interactions within Moroccan colonial society itself. Specifically, it situates a project of reform in girls’ education within a local and broader debate on the effective formula for educational and pedagogic restructuring that would ensure the advance of the Muslim community. This analysis demonstrates that ideas of social change and cultural innovation in colonial Morocco were shaped by divides and disputes among Moroccans themselves as much as by the colonial state and its policy initiatives.

Educating Women, Recasting Patriarchy

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-107
Author(s):  
Etty Terem
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Cultural Revival ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Policy Initiatives ◽  
Cultural Innovation ◽  
Colonial Society ◽  
Social Reorganization

This article explores the development of reformist thought and the formulation of modern identities in colonial Morocco. In seeking to move beyond conceptualizing ideas of social reorganization and cultural revival as determined by the encounter between the colonizer and the colonized, it shifts the critical focus to interactions within Moroccan colonial society itself. Specifically, it situates a project of reform in girls’ education within a local and broader debate on the effective formula for educational and pedagogic restructuring that would ensure the advance of the Muslim community. This analysis demonstrates that ideas of social change and cultural innovation in colonial Morocco were shaped by divides and disputes among Moroccans themselves as much as by the colonial state and its policy initiatives.

Byzantium in the Eleventh Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 220-248
Author(s):  
James Howard-Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Social History ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Specific Topic ◽  
Cultural Revival ◽  
Village Communities ◽  
The Military

The various studies of Byzantium’s social history in the eleventh century presented in this volume, each with its specific topic (regional, thematic, archaeological), are placed in a wider context. A head-on challenge is made to the long-standing view, promulgated by George Ostrogorsky, that Byzantium’s rapid descent from its apogee in the middle of the eleventh century had two prime causes, a deliberate run-down of the military by the ascendant civil party in the administration, and the absorption of the peasantry into large, aristocratic estates with a consequent weakening of a fiscal and military system founded in the peasant village. Different aspects of eleventh-century history are covered: (1) the accelerating cultural revival, sponsored by emperors, and an attendant growth in numbers and importance of the intelligentsia; (2) evidence, primarily numismatic and archaeological, for demographic and economic growth, and its beneficent effect on town life; (3) a re-examination of the documentary and other evidence for the decline of the independent peasantry, which concludes that predatory landowners encountered serious resistance from tight-knit village communities and the justice system and that the process of social change in the countryside had not advanced as far as Kostis Smyrlis suggests; (4) finally, it is accepted that attitudes changed, that the interior provinces were demilitarized, but not that there was a deliberate attempt to reduce spending on the army, now confined to the imperial periphery—the defeats and losses suffered are attributed primarily to the strengths of Byzantium’s chief adversaries, Turks and Turkmen in the east, Normans in southern Italy.

Oppression, Resistance, Rebellion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard Sasges
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Economic Opportunity ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Popular Resistance ◽  
Colonial Society ◽  
Everyday Resistance

The alcohol regime provoked resistance at almost every level of Indochinese society. Popular resistance was shaped by various contexts. One was the corruption, abuse, and violence that were endemic to the alcohol regime. Another was its perceived illegitimacy. And a final context was the economic opportunity created by the highly taxed, unfamiliar tasting alcohol. The result was multiple forms of “everyday resistance” made possible by the complicity and collusion of broad swaths of colonial society, from village mayors to French infantry officers. Not all resistance can be characterized as everyday, however. Overt resistance, or what the colonial state labeled “rebellions,” occurred in response to particular events in the larger context of the state’s aggressive interdiction of contraband. With these acts of resistance, villagers acted to defend the integrity of their community, the sanctity of cultural norms, or basic notions of justice.

WARTIME RECRUITING PRACTICES, MARTIAL IDENTITY AND POST-WORLD WAR II DEMOBILIZATION IN COLONIAL KENYA

2005 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAL BRANDS
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Military Service ◽  
World War ◽  
National Politics ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
New Class ◽  
Colonial Society ◽  
The Social

After World War II, African ex-servicemen in Kenya sought to maintain the socioeconomic gains they had accrued through service in the King's African Rifles (KAR). Looking for middle-class employment and social privileges, they challenged existing relationships within the colonial state. For the most part, veterans did not participate in national politics, believing that their goals could be achieved within the confines of colonial society. The postwar actions of KAR veterans are best explained by an examination of their initial perceptions of colonial military service. Indeed, the social and economic connotations of KAR service, combined with the massive wartime expansion of Kenyan defense forces, created a new class of Africans with distinctive characteristics and interests. These socioeconomic perceptions proved powerful after the war, often informing ex-askari action.

scholarly journals Merumuskan Kerangka Aksioma Etik Islam

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Jauhar Faradis
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Axiom System ◽  
Social Philosophy ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Change Analysis ◽  
Principal Characteristics ◽  
The Status

<p>Islamic ethic is representation of axioms that includes four elements namely, unity, equally, independent and responsibility. Ethics also meets all the principal characteristics of the axiom system: minimal, consistent, and independent. The device of this axiom also reflects the central message of the Islamic social philosophy is refusing of the status quo that is not fair and the demands of social change.  Analysis used in this chapter is the use of  ethical  beliefs  in  a  typical  Muslim community  as a  valid  logical  basis  of  economic behavior.</p><p align="left"><strong>Key words: Naqvi, Initiating, Economics, Islam.</strong><strong></strong></p>

scholarly journals Las revisitas de indios: configuraciones de poder, silenciamientos y etnicidades en documentos coloniales tardíos (S. XVIII)

2016 ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Alfredo Gómez Alcorta ◽  
Germán Morong Reyes ◽  
Francisco Ocaranza Bosio
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Southern Andes ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Colonial Society ◽  
Social Tension ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Bourbon Reforms

ResumenEste trabajo explora el significado y alcance de las revisitas realizadas en los Andes durante el periodo de las reformas borbónicas (S. XVIII), centrándose en los Andes Meridionales (Tarata y Tarapacá). Presentamos algunos fragmentos de revisitas y sus particularidades, la naturaleza de su contenido y las coyunturas que las impulsaron. Se enfatiza el lazo existente entre las visitas y revisitas con los fenómenos de condicionamiento y modelación de la sociedad indígena. En tal sentido, exploramos el significado e importancia que les otorgara el Estado Colonial a visitas y revisitas –para la fijación de las tasas y retasas– y también el rol particular de estas últimas como dispositivos normativo-textuales en la construcción de una sociedad colonial normada. Nuestra propuesta consiste en sugerir que las revisitas constituyen una fuente ineludible para aproximarnos a la comprensión de un aspecto sustancial de la tensión social del último siglo de dominio colonial, como también en instrumentos textuales cuyos enunciados performan una realidad étnica a partir de los intereses de la fiscalidad imperial hispana.Palabras clave: Etnohistoria, Historia colonial, Fiscalidad hispana, Revisitas, Ayllos, Documentos burocráticosRevisiting indians: power configurations, silencing and ethnicities in delayed colonial documents (18th century)AbstractThis paper explores the meaning and scope of the revisits conducted in the Andes during the period of the Bourbon reforms (18th Century), focusing on the Southern Andes (Tarata and Tarapaca). We present some fragments of revisits and their particularities, the nature of their contents and the joints that boosted them. It emphasizes the link between visits and revisits and the phenomena of conditioning and modeling the Indian society. In this regard,we explore the meaning and significance given by the Colonial State to visits and revisits, for fixing rates and rerates, and the particular role of the latter as normative textual devices in the building of a colonial society. We propose that revisits are a good way to approach the understanding of a substantial aspect of social tension in the last century of colonial domain, as well as the textual instruments whose statements inform an ethnic reality from the interests of the Spanish imperial taxation.Keywords: ethnohistory; colonial history; Spanish taxation; revisits; Ayllos;bureaucratic documents.As revisitas de indios: configurações de poder, silenciamentos e etnias em documentos coloniais delongados (s. XVIII)ResumoEste trabalho explora o significado e alcance das revisitas efetuadas nos Andes durante o período das reformas Bourbônicas (S. XVIII), com foco nos Andes Meridionais (Tarata e Tarapacá). Apresentamos alguns fragmentos de revisitas e suas particularidades, a natureza do seu conteúdo e as conjunturas que as impulsionaram. Enfatiza-se a ligação entre as visitas e revisitas com os fenômenos de condicionamento e modelagem da sociedade indígena. A este respeito, se explora o significado e importância que lhes outorga o Estado Colonial a visitas e revisitas –para a fixação de taxas e retaxas- e também o papel particular destas últimas como dispositivos normativo-textuais na construção de uma sociedade colonial regulada. Nossa proposta é propor que as revisitas constituam-se numa fonte iniludível para aproximarmos a compreensão de um aspecto substancial da tensão social no último século do domínio colonial, como também em instrumentos textuais cujas declarações constroem uma realidade étnica a partir dos interesses da tributação imperial espanhola.Palavras-chave: Etno-história; história colonial; Tributação Hispana; Revisitas; Ayllus; Documentos burocráticos

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