The effects of calf muscles fatigue on dynamic plantar pressure distribution in normal foot posture and flexible flatfoot: A case-control study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Muge Kirmizi ◽  
Yesim Salik Sengul ◽  
Salih Angin
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Maximum Force ◽  
Mixed Design ◽  
Plantar Pressure Distribution ◽  
Flexible Flatfoot ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Foot Posture ◽  
Calf Muscles

BACKGROUND: Flexible flatfoot is associated with altered plantar pressure distribution, but it is not clear how muscle fatigue affects plantar pressure characteristics in flexible flatfoot and normal foot. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of calf muscles fatigue on plantar pressure variables in flexible flatfoot and normal foot. METHODS: Twenty-five people with flexible flatfoot and twenty-five people with normal foot were included. The unilateral heel-rise test was used to induce calf muscles fatigue. Plantar pressure variables were collected during preferred walking immediately before and after fatigue. The two-way mixed-design ANOVA was used to determine the main effect of fatigue and the interaction between foot posture and fatigue. RESULTS: Fatigue causes medialization of the contact area under the forefoot and the maximum force under the heel and forefoot (p< 0.05). When examining the differences in the effects of fatigue between groups, the contact area under the medial heel increased with fatigue in flexible flatfoot but decreased in normal foot; moreover, the contact area and maximum force under the midfoot and the maximum force under the third metatarsal decreased with fatigue in flexible flatfoot but increased in normal foot (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Calf muscles fatigue causes medialization of the maximum force and contact area. Especially the midfoot was affected differently by fatigue in flexible flatfoot and normal foot.

The Effect of Moderate Running on Foot Posture Index and Plantar Pressure Distribution in Male Recreational Runners

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Escamilla-Martínez ◽  
Alfonso Martínez-Nova ◽  
Beatriz Gómez-Martín ◽  
Raquel Sánchez-Rodríguez ◽  
Lourdes María Fernández-Seguín
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Metatarsal Head ◽  
Heel Strike ◽  
Foot Posture Index ◽  
Posture Index ◽  
Plantar Pressure Distribution ◽  
Heel Contact ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Foot Posture

Background: Fatigue due to running has been shown to contribute to changes in plantar pressure distribution. However, little is known about changes in foot posture after running. We sought to compare the Foot Posture Index before and after moderate exercise and to relate any changes to plantar pressure patterns. Methods: A baropodometric evaluation was made, using the FootScan platform (RSscan International, Olen, Belgium), of 30 men who were regular runners and their foot posture was examined using the Foot Posture Index before and after a 60-min continuous run at a moderate pace (3.3 m/sec). Results: Foot posture showed a tendency toward pronation after the 60-min run, gaining 2 points in the Foot Posture Index. The total support and medial heel contact areas increased, as did pressures under the second metatarsal head and medial heel. Conclusions: Continuous running at a moderate speed (3.3 m/sec) induced changes in heel strike related to enhanced pronation posture, indicative of greater stress on that zone after physical activity. This observation may help us understand the functioning of the foot, prevent injuries, and design effective plantar orthoses in sport. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 103(2): 121–125, 2013)

The effect of prefabricated and proprioceptive foot orthoses on plantar pressure distribution in patients with flexible flatfoot during walking

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gholamreza Aminian ◽  
Zahra Safaeepour ◽  
Mahboobeh Farhoodi ◽  
Abbas Farjad Pezeshk ◽  
Hassan Saeedi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Maximum Force ◽  
Plantar Surface ◽  
Plantar Pressure Distribution ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Flexible Flatfoot ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Foot Orthosis

Background:Previous studies have suggested that orthoses with different constructions could alter gait parameters in flexible flatfoot. However, there is less evidence about the effect of insoles with proprioceptive mechanism on plantar pressure distribution in flatfoot.Objectives:To assess the effect of orthoses with different mechanisms on plantar pressure distribution in subjects with flexible flatfoot.Study Design:Quasi-experimental.Methods:In total, 12 flatfoot subjects were recruited for this study. In-shoe plantar pressure in walking was measured by Pedar-X system under three conditions including wearing the shoe only, wearing the shoe with a proprioceptive insole, and wearing the shoe with a prefabricated foot insole.Results:Using the proprioceptive insoles, maximum force was significantly reduced in medial midfoot, and plantar pressure was significantly increased in the second and third rays (0.94 ± 0.77 N/kg, 102.04 ± 28.23 kPa) compared to the shoe only condition (1.12 ± 0.88 N/kg and 109.79 ± 29.75 kPa). For the prefabricated insole, maximum force was significantly higher in midfoot area compared to the other conditions ( p < 0.05).Conclusions:Construction of orthoses could have an effect on plantar pressure distribution in flatfeet. It might be considered that insoles with sensory stimulation alters sensory feedback of plantar surface of foot and may lead to change in plantar pressure in the flexible flatfoot.Clinical relevanceBased on the findings of this study, using orthoses with different mechanisms such as proprioceptive intervention might be a useful method in orthotic treatment. Assessing plantar pressure can also be an efficient quantitative outcome measure for clinicians in evidence-based foot orthosis prescription.

Changes in the Plantar Pressure Distribution During Gait Throughout Gestation

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 415-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Ribeiro ◽  
Francis Trombini-Souza ◽  
Isabel de Camargo Neves Sacco ◽  
Rodrigo Ruano ◽  
Marcelo Zugaib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Peak Pressure ◽  
Maximum Force ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Plantar Pressure Distribution ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Background: The intention of this investigation was to longitudinally describe and compare the plantar pressure distribution in orthostatic posture and gait throughout pregnancy. Methods: A prospective longitudinal observational study was conducted with six pregnant women (mean ± SD age, 32 ± 3 years) with a mean ± SD weight gain of 10.0 ± 1.4 kg. Peak pressure, contact time, contact area, and maximum force in five plantar areas were evaluated using capacitive insoles during gait and orthostatic posture. For 1 year, the plantar pressures of pregnant women were evaluated the last month of each trimester. Comparisons among plantar areas and trimesters were made by analysis of variance. Results: For orthostatic posture, no differences in contact time, contact area, peak pressure, and maximum force throughout the trimesters were found. During gait, peak pressure and maximum force of the medial rearfoot were reduced from the first to third and second to third trimesters. Maximum force increased at the medial forefoot from the first to second trimester. Contact area increased at the lateral rearfoot from the second to third trimester and at the midfoot from the first to third trimester. Contact time increased at the midfoot and medial and lateral forefoot from the first to third trimester. Conclusions: Pregnant women do not alter plantar pressure during orthostatic posture, but, during gait, the plantar loads were redistributed from the rearfoot (decrease) to the midfoot and forefoot (increase) throughout pregnancy. These adjustments help maintain the dynamic stability of the pregnant woman during locomotion. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 101(5): 415–423, 2011)

scholarly journals The effects of gait speed on plantar pressure variables in individuals with normal foot posture and flatfoot

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muge Kirmizi ◽  
Yesim S. Sengul ◽  
Salih Angin
Keyword(s):  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Maximum Force ◽  
First Metatarsal ◽  
Fast Speed ◽  
Pressure Sensitive ◽  
Plantar Pressure Distribution ◽  
Second Metatarsal ◽  
Foot Posture ◽  
All Speeds

Purpose: It is not known how gait speed affects plantar pressure characteristics in flatfoot. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of gait speed on plantar pressure variables in flatfoot by comparing it to normal foot posture. Methods: Thirty individuals with flatfoot and 30 individuals with normal foot posture were recruited. Plantar pressure variables were obtained by a pressure-sensitive mat at self-selected slow, normal, and fast speeds. All assessments were performed on the dominant foot, and three satisfactory steps were obtained for each gait speed condition. The order of gait speeds was randomized. Results: In the flatfoot group, the contact area was higher in the midfoot, third metatarsal, and hallux at all speeds, also in the second metatarsal at slow and normal speeds than the normal foot posture group (p < 0.05). The maximum force was higher in the midfoot and hallux at all speeds in the flatfoot group (p < 0.05). Also, the maximum force was lower in the first metatarsal at normal and fast speeds, and in the lateral heel at fast speed (p < 0.05). In the flatfoot group, the peak pressure was found to be higher in the hallux at slow speed, but to be lower in the first metatarsal at fast speed (p < 0.05). Further, plantar pressure distribution was affected by gait speed in both feet. Conclusions: Analysis of plantar pressure variables should be performed at different gait speeds.

Assessing Plantar Pressure Distribution in Children with Flatfoot Arch

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 622-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanta Pauk ◽  
Mikhail Ihnatouski ◽  
Bijan Najafi
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Plantar Pressure Distribution ◽  
Foot Posture ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Pressure Magnitude

Background Flatfoot, or pes planus, is one of the most common foot posture problems in children that may lead to lower-extremity pain owing to a potential increase in plantar pressure. First, we compared plantar pressure distribution between children with and without flatfoot. Second, we examined the reliability and accuracy of a simple metric for characterization of foot posture: the Clarke angle. Third, we proposed a mathematical model to predict plantar pressure magnitude under the medial arch using body mass and the Clarke angle. Methods Sixty children with flatfoot and 33 aged-matched controls were recruited. Measurements included in-shoe plantar pressure distribution, ground reaction force, Clarke angle, and radiography assessment. The measured Clarke angle was compared with radiographic measurements, and its test-retest reliability was determined. A mathematical model was fitted to predict plantar pressure distribution under the medial arch using easy-to-measure variables (body mass and the Clarke angle). Results A high correlation was observed between the Clarke angle and radiography measurements (r &gt; 0.9; P &lt; 10−6). Excellent between- and within-day test-retest reliability for Clarke angle measurement (intraclass correlation coefficient, &gt;0.9) was observed. Results also suggest that pressure magnitude under the medial arch can be estimated using the Clarke angle and body mass (R2 = 0.95; error, &lt;0.04 N/cm2 [2%]). Conclusions This study suggests that the Clarke angle is a practical, reliable, and sensitive metric for quantification of medial arch height in children and could be recommended for research and clinical applications. It can also be used to estimate plantar pressure under the medial arch, which, in turn, may assist in the timely intervention and prognosis of prospective problems associated with flatfoot posture.

scholarly journals Gait Retraining With Visual Biofeedback Reduces Rearfoot Pressure and Foot Pronation in Recreational Runners

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Warlindo Carneiro da Silva Neto ◽  
Alexandre Dias Lopes ◽  
Ana Paula Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gait Retraining ◽  
Visual Biofeedback ◽  
Plantar Pressure Distribution ◽  
Foot Posture ◽  
Foot Pronation ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
Arch Index

Context: Running is a popular sport globally. Previous studies have used a gait retraining program to successfully lower impact loading, which has been associated with lower injury rates in recreational runners. However, there is an absence of studies on the effect of this training program on the plantar pressure distribution pattern during running. Objective: To investigate the short-term effect of a gait retraining strategy that uses visual biofeedback on the plantar pressure distribution pattern and foot posture in recreational runners. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Biomechanics laboratory. Participants: Twenty-four recreational runners were evaluated (n = 12 gait retraining group and n = 12 control group). Intervention: Those in the gait retraining group underwent a 2-week program (4 sessions/wk, 30 min/session, and 8 sessions). The participants in the control group were also invited to the laboratory (8 times in 2 wk), but no feedback on their running biomechanics was provided. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome measures were plantar pressure distribution and plantar arch index using a pressure platform. The secondary outcome measure was the foot posture index. Results: The gait retraining program with visual biofeedback was effective in reducing medial and lateral rearfoot plantar pressure after intervention and when compared with the control group. In the static condition, the pressure peak and maximum force on the forefoot and midfoot were reduced, and arch index was increased after intervention. After static training intervention, the foot posture index showed a decrease in the foot pronation. Conclusions: A 2-week gait retraining program with visual biofeedback was effective in lowering rearfoot plantar pressure, favoring better support of the arch index in recreational runners. In addition, static training was effective in reducing foot pronation. Most importantly, these observations will help healthcare professionals understand the importance of a gait retraining program with visual biofeedback to improve plantar loading and pronation during rehabilitation.

Comparison of the immediate effects of prefabricated soft medical insoles and custom-molded rigid medical insoles on plantar pressure distribution in athletes with flexible flatfoot

2021 ◽  
Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyede Gelare Razavi Khorasani ◽  
Masumeh Bagherzadeh Cham ◽  
Ali Sharifnezhad ◽  
Hassan Saeedi ◽  
Behshid Farahmand
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Plantar Pressure Distribution ◽  
Flexible Flatfoot

scholarly journals High-Intensity Running and Plantar-Flexor Fatigability and Plantar-Pressure Distribution in Adolescent Runners

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Fourchet ◽  
Luke Kelly ◽  
Cosmin Horobeanu ◽  
Heiko Loepelt ◽  
Redha Taiar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Plantar Flexor ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Fatigue Index ◽  
Plantar Pressure Distribution ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mean Pressure

Context: Fatigue-induced alterations in foot mechanics may lead to structural overload and injury. Objectives: To investigate how a high-intensity running exercise to exhaustion modifies ankle plantar-flexor and dorsiflexor strength and fatigability, as well as plantar-pressure distribution in adolescent runners. Design: Controlled laboratory study. Setting: Academy research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Eleven male adolescent distance runners (age = 16.9 ± 2.0 years, height = 170.6 ± 10.9 cm, mass = 54.6 ± 8.6 kg) were tested. Intervention(s): All participants performed an exhausting run on a treadmill. An isokinetic plantar-flexor and dorsiflexor maximal-strength test and a fatigue test were performed before and after the exhausting run. Plantar-pressure distribution was assessed at the beginning and end of the exhausting run. Main Outcome Measure(s): We recorded plantar-flexor and dorsiflexor peak torques and calculated the fatigue index. Plantar-pressure measurements were recorded 1 minute after the start of the run and before exhaustion. Plantar variables (ie, mean area, contact time, mean pressure, relative load) were determined for 9 selected regions. Results: Isokinetic peak torques were similar before and after the run in both muscle groups, whereas the fatigue index increased in plantar flexion (28.1%; P = .01) but not in dorsiflexion. For the whole foot, mean pressure decreased from 1 minute to the end (−3.4%; P = .003); however, mean area (9.5%; P = .005) and relative load (7.2%; P = .009) increased under the medial midfoot, and contact time increased under the central forefoot (8.3%; P = .01) and the lesser toes (8.9%; P = .008). Conclusions: Fatigue resistance in the plantar flexors declined after a high-intensity running bout performed by adolescent male distance runners. This phenomenon was associated with increased loading under the medial arch in the fatigued state but without any excessive pronation.

scholarly journals Generalized Joint Laxity Associated With Increased Medial Foot Loading in Female Athletes

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 356-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim D. Barber Foss ◽  
Kevin R. Ford ◽  
Gregory D. Myer ◽  
Timothy E. Hewett
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Peak Pressure ◽  
Joint Laxity ◽  
Maximum Force ◽  
Lower Extremity Injury ◽  
Extremity Injury ◽  
Plantar Pressure Distribution ◽  
Generalized Joint Laxity ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship between generalized joint laxity and plantar pressure distribution of the foot and the potential implications for lower extremity injury have not been studied.Context: To determine the relationship between generalized joint laxity and dynamic plantar pressure distribution. We hypothesized that individuals with greater generalized joint laxity, or hypermobility, would have greater dynamic medial midfoot pressure and loading during walking than nonhypermobile individuals.Objective: Case control.Design: Institutional biomechanics laboratory.Setting: Participants included 112 female soccer players between 11 and 21 years of age.Patients or Other Participants: Each participant was tested for generalized joint laxity using the Beighton and Horan Joint Mobility Index (BHJMI; range, 0–9) and was categorized as having either high (BHJMI score ≥4) or low (BHJMI score &lt;4) generalized joint laxity. Peak pressure and maximum force were calculated from a dynamic, barefoot plantar pressure distribution system.Main Outcome Measure(s): Peak pressure and maximum force were greater in the 27 participants categorized as having high generalized joint laxity than in the 85 participants categorized as having low generalized joint laxity. The midfoot region exhibited greater loading in participants with high generalized joint laxity than in the other participants. We found an effect of BHJMI classification in the medial midfoot; peak pressure in the dominant (F1,109  =  11.262, P  =  .001) and nondominant (F1,109  =  14.32, P &lt; .001) sides and maximum force in the dominant (F1,109  =  7.88, P  =  .006) and nondominant (F1,109  =  9.18, P  =  .003) sides were greater in the high generalized joint laxity group than in the low generalized joint laxity group.Results: Athletes classified as having high generalized joint laxity demonstrated increased midfoot loading. Delineation of risk factors for medial collapse of the foot, which include hypermobility in athletes, may help clinicians evaluate and prevent lower extremity injury with treatments, such as orthoses.Conclusions:

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