scholarly journals A Model for the Burden of Persuasion in Argumentation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Calegari ◽  
Giovanni Sartor
Keyword(s):  
Formal Model ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Satisfactory Outcome ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Burden Of Persuasion

This work provides a formal model for the burden of persuasion in legal proceedings. The model shows how the allocation of the burden of persuasion may induce a satisfactory outcome in contexts in which the assessment of conflicting arguments would, without such an allocation, remain undecided. The proposed model is based on an argumentation setting in which arguments may be accepted or rejected according to whether the burden of persuasion falls on the conclusion of such arguments or on its complements. Our model merges two ideas that have emerged in the debate on the burden of persuasion: the idea that allocation of the burden of persuasion makes it possible to resolve conflicts between arguments, and the idea that its satisfaction depends on the dialectical statuses of the arguments involved. Our model also addresses cases in which the burden of persuasion is inverted, and cases in which burdens of persuasion are inferred through arguments.

scholarly journals Revising Probabilities and Full Beliefs

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1005-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Ove Hansson
Keyword(s):  
Formal Model ◽  
Belief Change ◽  
Learning From Experience ◽  
Epistemic Agent ◽  
Set Operations ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Formal Properties ◽  
Belief States ◽  
Do So ◽  
Belief Set

Abstract A new formal model of belief dynamics is proposed, in which the epistemic agent has both probabilistic beliefs and full beliefs. The agent has full belief in a proposition if and only if she considers the probability that it is false to be so close to zero that she chooses to disregard that probability. She treats such a proposition as having the probability 1, but, importantly, she is still willing and able to revise that probability assignment if she receives information that gives her sufficient reasons to do so. Such a proposition is (presently) undoubted, but not undoubtable (incorrigible). In the formal model it is assigned a probability 1 − δ, where δ is an infinitesimal number. The proposed model employs probabilistic belief states that contain several underlying probability functions representing alternative probabilistic states of the world. Furthermore, a distinction is made between update and revision, in the same way as in the literature on (dichotomous) belief change. The formal properties of the model are investigated, including properties relevant for learning from experience. The set of propositions whose probabilities are infinitesimally close to 1 forms a (logically closed) belief set. Operations that change the probabilistic belief state give rise to changes in this belief set, which have much in common with traditional operations of belief change.

Formalization of business workflow with typed attributed graph

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-398
Author(s):  
Dipty Tripathi ◽  
Shreya Banerjee ◽  
Anirban Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Business Process ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Exception Handling ◽  
Workflow Model ◽  
Deadlock Detection ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Attributed Graph

Purpose Business process workflow is a design conceptualization to automate the sequence of activities to achieve a business goal with involved participants and a predefined set of rules. Regarding this, a formal business workflow model is a prime requisite to implement a consistent and rigorous business process. In this context, majority of the existing research works are formalized structural features and have not focused on functional and behavioral design aspects of business processes. To address this problem, this paper aims to propose a formal model of business process workflow called as business process workflow using typed attributed graph (BPWATG) enriched with structural, functional and behavioral characteristics of business processes. Design/methodology/approach Typed attributed graph (ATG) and first-order logic have been used to formalize proposed BPWATG to provide rigorous syntax and semantics towards business process workflows. This is an effort to execute a business workflow on an automated machine. Further, the proposed BPWATG is illustrated using a case study to show the expressiveness of proposed model. Besides, the proposed graph is initially validated using generic modelling environment (GME) case tool. Moreover, a comparative study is performed with existing formal approaches based on several crucial features to exhibit the effectiveness of proposed BPWATG. Findings The proposed model is capable of facilitating structural, functional and behavioral aspects of business process workflows using several crucial features such as dependency conceptualization, timer concepts, exception handling and deadlock detection. These features are used to handle real-world problems and ensure the consistency and correctness of business workflows. Originality/value BPWATG is proposed to formalize a business workflow that is required to make a model of business process machine-readable. Besides, formalizations of dependency conceptualization, exception handling, deadlock detection and time-out concepts are specified. Moreover, several non-functional properties (reusability, scalability, flexibility, dynamicity, reliability and robustness) are supported by the proposed model.

Supply chain integration with BIM: a graph-based model

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Papadonikolaki ◽  
Ruben Vrijhoef ◽  
Hans Wamelink
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
Information Flows ◽  
Organizational Models ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Graph Based Model

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a methodology to integrate the construction Supply Chain (SC) through the application of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Supply Chain Management (SCM). It features a renovation case as a proof-of-concept. Design/methodology/approach – After analyzing the relevant gaps in the literature, the research followed a modeling approach. The proposed model merged product-, process- and organizational models in a graph-based model to represent and analyze a BIM-based SCM project. Findings – Presently, the information flows of the construction SC are vague. BIM is an aspiring integrator of information flows for construction. The proposed model for SC integration with BIM, offers an approach to identify the project complexities in relation to organizational structures, roles and interactions and integrate the industry. Practical implications – Currently BIM-enabled SCM is not very widely applied in the industry. However, the authors report the increasing interest of most construction stakeholders to engage in the application of the two, after acknowledging the benefits from the individual approaches. Since this combination is quite rare, the research uses a retrospective real-world case study of a SC project with an imaginary application of BIM. Originality/value – Thus far, there is no formal model to represent the interactions of the SC actors along with BIM. The unique combination of a product and a process model, i.e. BIM, with an organizational model aims at integrating the information flows of the SC. The proposed model aims at analyzing and supporting the BIM-enabled SCM in Architecture Engineering and Construction.

scholarly journals Ontological model of legal norms for creating and using legislation

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stevan Gostojic ◽  
Branko Milosavljevic ◽  
Zora Konjovic
Keyword(s):  
Formal Model ◽  
Formal Logic ◽  
Semantic Retrieval ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Ontological Model

This paper presents a formal model of legal norms modeled in OWL. It is intended for semiautomatic drafting and semantic retrieval and browsing of legislation. Most existing solutions model legal norms by formal logic, rules or ontologies. Nevertheless, they were not in-tended as a basis for drafting, retrieval and browsing of legislation. The proposed model formally defines legal norms using their elements and elements of legal relations they regulate. The duality between the con-tent and the form of legislation is exploited by connecting it to the XML model of legislation based on the CEN MetaLex specification. Those models are verified by applying them to the norms contained in an existing piece of legislation and by developing a prototype application for semantic browsing of legislation that is based on the models.

scholarly journals Using lightweight formal methods to model class and object diagrams

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 411-429
Author(s):  
Fernando Valles-Barajas
Keyword(s):  
Formal Methods ◽  
Formal Method ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Modeling Language ◽  
Form Class ◽  
Software Models ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Model Class ◽  
Lightweight Formal Methods

In this paper a formal model for class and object diagrams is presented. To make the model the author used Alloy, which is a threein-one package: a modeling language that constructs software models, a formal method that guides the construction of software models and an analyzer that helps find inconsistencies in software models. In the proposed model the entities that form class and object diagrams, as well as the rules that govern how these elements can be connected, are specified.

scholarly journals Password Security as a Game of Entropies

Entropy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Rass ◽  
Sandra König
Keyword(s):  
Formal Model ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Password Security ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Leibler Divergence ◽  
Game Player ◽  
Security Problem ◽  
Person Game ◽  
Choice Policy

We consider a formal model of password security, in which two actors engage in a competition of optimal password choice against potential attacks. The proposed model is a multi-objective two-person game. Player 1 seeks an optimal password choice policy, optimizing matters of memorability of the password (measured by Shannon entropy), opposed to the difficulty for player 2 of guessing it (measured by min-entropy), and the cognitive efforts of player 1 tied to changing the password (measured by relative entropy, i.e., Kullback–Leibler divergence). The model and contribution are thus twofold: (i) it applies multi-objective game theory to the password security problem; and (ii) it introduces different concepts of entropy to measure the quality of a password choice process under different angles (and not a given password itself, since this cannot be quality-assessed in terms of entropy). We illustrate our approach with an example from everyday life, namely we analyze the password choices of employees.

A Formal Model for Metacognitive Reasoning in Intelligent Systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 70-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel F. Caro ◽  
Darsana P. Josyula ◽  
Jovani A. Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Predicate Logic ◽  
Intelligent Tutoring ◽  
Intelligent Tutoring System ◽  
Level Control ◽  
Tutoring System ◽  
Meta Level ◽  
Proposed Model

This paper presents a formal model of metacognitive reasoning in intelligent systems (IS). The proposed model was named fM2 and uses predicate logic to represent a cycle of reasoning about failures generated in reasoning tasks in an IS. fM2 has mechanisms such as introspective monitoring and meta-level control to perform metacognitive reasoning. fM2 was implemented and validated on an intelligent tutoring system named FUNPRO. The performance metrics of FUNPRO indicate the capacity of fM2 to drastically decrease the reasoning failures produced in the recommendations of FUNPRO. Thus, this paper demonstrates the efficacy of fM2 as a valid tool to improve the performance of the reasoning processes of IS.

An Approach to Modeling and Analyzing Human-Centric Systems and Its Application

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (01) ◽  
pp. 1741005
Author(s):  
Dongdong An ◽  
Jing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Crucial Issue ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Model Driven ◽  
Train Control ◽  
Braking System ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Build Systems

Human-centric design is based on the psychological and physical needs of the human users. Model-driven engineering provides formal model to be analyzed. How to combine formal model with human-centric design methodology is a crucial issue and yet it has not been settled. In fact, the difficulty of this problem is lacking of formal representations of the human-centric property. The intention of our research is to provide some new approaches to effectively model and analyze the human-centric system. So we proposed model-based methodologies for modeling and analyzing the human-centric system, which aim to use hierarchical model framework to effectively build systems. This paper mainly addresses two issues. The first one is the modeling of human-centric system by the hierarchical model framework. Then we selected the automatic train control braking system as the application to build hierarchical model based on five corresponding sub-models and provide the new braking modes and new braking strategies.

scholarly journals Configuration Analysis to Support Product Redesign for End-of-Life Disassembly

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivakumar Viswanathan ◽  
Venkat Allada
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Product Configuration ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Disassembly Process ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Useful Life ◽  
Environmental Goals ◽  
Cv Model

Abstract End of life disassembly is an important process that can be used to make available the parts of a product for different material and part recycling processes at end of the product’s useful life. However, the efficiency of the disassembly process greatly affects the economics of meeting the environmental goals set for the product. An important determinant of the disassembly efficiency is the product configuration. Therefore, it is essential that these implications of the configuration be assessed and modified during the design stage itself. To support this design effort a formal model called the Configuration-Value (CV) model is proposed to evaluate and analyze the effect of product configuration on end-of-life disassembly. This model focuses on the rate of value extraction during the disassembly process and can be used to identify the critical bottlenecks in the configuration that need rectification by design. An example is presented to demonstrate the application of the proposed model.

scholarly journals Beliefs, parental investments, and intergenerational persistence: A formal model

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-154
Author(s):  
Anders Hjorth-Trolle
Keyword(s):  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Bayesian Learning ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Socioeconomic Outcomes ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Parental Investments ◽  
New Information ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Investments In Children ◽  
Key Aspects

Empirical research documents persistent socioeconomic and race gaps in parental investments in children. This article presents a formal model that describes the process through which parents’ beliefs about the returns on investments in children evolve over time in light of new information that they receive regarding the outcomes of past investments. The model, which is based on Bayesian learning, accounts for how parents of low socioeconomic status may come to underinvest in their children because they have false low beliefs about the returns on investments. Moreover, the model describes how beliefs are transmitted across generations, thus creating dynasties of underinvesting parents who reproduce inequalities in children’s socioeconomic outcomes. Finally, this article uses National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data to provide illustrative empirical evidence on key aspects of the proposed model. The main contribution of this article is to integrate parents’ beliefs about returns on investments into existing models of intergenerational transmissions.

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