Visualization of Legal Informatics

This paper explores the subject matter of legal informatics. The life-long work of the first author concerning the visualization and coding of statutes is generalized. Besides positive law and customary law, the emergence of machine law is a current topic of focus in the literature. In machine law, legal acts are posited by machines and not by humans (primarily in a situational context). The transformation of a legal act to a legal document can happen in two ways. First, it is a transformation of the legal act into explicit punctuation, for example, for announcement in the case of laws or for written execution in the case of judgments, and, second, as a trend towards electronic documents. Legal theory forms a meta-level to the law and similarly legal informatics forms a meta-level to legal information. Legal informatics in Austria is based on the work of Ota Weinberger, Ilmar Tammelo and Leo Reisinger and has been developed by Erich Schweighofer in the framework of the IRIS conferences. Legal informatics is distinguished from legal information, whereas legal logic and meta-theories appear on top of legal informatics. In terms of syntax, machine culture is characterized by formal notations. Notations of legal logic are just the beginning; the target is a technical notation, a basis for programming. Visualizations are in the middle. On the one hand, visualizations serve to understand people by breaking away from the textual; on the other hand, by emphasizing the formal they form a bridge to machines. Legal text can be translated directly into formal languages, but visualizations can facilitate this task as an intermediate methodological step. Hans-Georg Fill’s metamodeling can be seen as a metameta-level.

graphic novel as a popular genre of book publishing in the context of modern design

The relevance of the research is due both to the lack of research that would comprehend a graphic novel as an independent phenomenon and subject of art history, the youth of the genre, and its relative non-proliferation in the Ukrainian literary space. The vast majority of Russian publications touch on the analysis of specific graphic novels in the context of modern literary studies, which focuses on the narrative and ideological components of individual works without taking into account the role of the visual component for the genre as a whole. Theoretical analysis and practical application of new synthetic methods and means of transmitting visual socio-cultural codes are of value not only in the context of design but also for other multimodal-oriented industries. The structural approach is the main approach to the study of this problem, which uses the methods of linguistics and semiotics, bringing them to the meta-level regarding design, as well as discursive analysis, in the subject field of which there is a question of the cultural and historical conditionality of a graphic novel as a genre and the nature of its perception.

Inductive logic programming at 30

Inductive logic programming (ILP) is a form of logic-based machine learning. The goal is to induce a hypothesis (a logic program) that generalises given training examples and background knowledge. As ILP turns 30, we review the last decade of research. We focus on (i) new meta-level search methods, (ii) techniques for learning recursive programs, (iii) new approaches for predicate invention, and (iv) the use of different technologies. We conclude by discussing current limitations of ILP and directions for future research.

Which biopsychosocial factors are associated with the development of chronic musculoskeletal pain? Protocol for an umbrella review of systematic reviews

IntroductionRecent systematic reviews have identified many biopsychosocial factors associated with the development of chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP). Despite often being specific to a particular musculoskeletal condition, findings are similar across systematic reviews. Research is needed to aggregate these findings to identify consistent factors across musculoskeletal disorders that are associated with the development of CMP. The objective of this study is to provide a meta-level synthesis of all biopsychosocial factors associated with the development of CMP.Methods and analysisAn umbrella review and meta-level narrative synthesis±meta-analysis has been designed informed by Joanna Briggs Institute and Cochrane guidance. This protocol is reported in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis-P. Sources will include Ovid Medline, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, PsycINFO, CINAHL, PEDro, PROSPERO, Google Scholar and grey literature. Inclusion criteria: any systematic review which investigates biopsychosocial factors which may be associated with the development of CMP through prospective longitudinal methods. The outcome is musculoskeletal pain lasting beyond 3 months. Two independent reviewers will be involved in all stages; screening, selection, data extraction and risk of bias evaluation using the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews-2 guidelines. A meta-level narrative synthesis will be conducted based on (a) factors associated with development of CMP, (b) the range of musculoskeletal disorders for which the same/similar findings have been established and (c) the quality of studies informing these findings. Where possible, meta-analysis will be performed. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation guidelines will be followed to determine the level of evidence for each biopsychosocial factor.Ethics and disseminationThis umbrella review does not require ethical approval. Findings will be presented at conferences and published in a peer reviewed journal.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020193081.

Navigational Behavior of Humans and Deep Reinforcement Learning Agents

Rapid advances in the field of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) over the past several years have led to artificial agents (AAs) capable of producing behavior that meets or exceeds human-level performance in a wide variety of tasks. However, research on DRL frequently lacks adequate discussion of the low-level dynamics of the behavior itself and instead focuses on meta-level or global-level performance metrics. In doing so, the current literature lacks perspective on the qualitative nature of AA behavior, leaving questions regarding the spatiotemporal patterning of their behavior largely unanswered. The current study explored the degree to which the navigation and route selection trajectories of DRL agents (i.e., AAs trained using DRL) through simple obstacle ridden virtual environments were equivalent (and/or different) from those produced by human agents. The second and related aim was to determine whether a task-dynamical model of human route navigation could not only be used to capture both human and DRL navigational behavior, but also to help identify whether any observed differences in the navigational trajectories of humans and DRL agents were a function of differences in the dynamical environmental couplings.

"Because No One Can Seize me from Behind": Sir Christopher Hatton's Double Portrait and Elizabethan Textual Paintings

Many researchers have emphasised the special use of inscriptions and texts in Tudor paintings. Especially in Elizabethan times, emblematic images emerge and contain texts which present riddles to their audience, address an implicit or explicit beholder, and also give information about their own function. The enigmatic double-sided portrait of Christopher Hatton serves as an outstanding example of the various relations that texts and images form in this era. Two elements of its composition will be discussed here: the inscription and the depiction of Father Time, both on the verso-side. One, a textual element, forms a unit with the other, a pictorial element. On their own and in combination, both built up a reference to emblem books and sources outside the picture and contextualise themselves in humanistic discourses about opportunity and time. Thus, their exclusive presentation forms a dialogue with the beholder and opens up a meta-level of artistic expression. The ancient pictorial tradition of the God Kairos is addressed in the combination, while it labels itself as a depiction of time. Overall, the object briefly examined in this study is an outstanding example of Elizabethan artistic culture and remains a desideratum in art history.

Ethical Values Reassessed: Rethinking the Covid19 Pandemic First Triage Guidelines

"In March 2020, many countries in commissions and medical societies moved very quickly to draft fair and transparent triage guidelines; this in order to plan ahead for possible resource bottlenecks in the treatment of COVID-19 patients in intensive care units. There are a lot of consciously chosen (but also less reflected) ethical values in these guidelines. Our presentation compares the values of eight of such guidelines, but first shows how to read such values in the first place. Many health professionals are hardly aware of the explicit presentation of ethical-philosophical values. From a methodological point of view, this presentation is based on a hermeneutic-ethical approach. The guidelines are interpreted, an interpretation aid is developed, and the values of the guidelines are reconsidered in comparison. On a meta-level, we could identify different types of values, besides medical and ethical values, the guidelines were also filled with procedural, structural and legal-political values. On a content level, the unreflective handling of the value of autonomy, which often competes with the value of public health, is particularly evident. This competition is little reflected. Another point of divergence between the guidelines is the degree of precision or the difference between long-term and short-term medical prognosis. We believe that with our analysis we can contribute to making value discussions in health care more open and explicit. We would like to present these conclusions for discussion at this year’s EACME conference in Cluj. "

METHOD OF SYSTEM ENGINEERING OF NEURAL MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEMS

Background. There are not many machine translation companies on the market whose products are in demand. These are, for example, free and commercial products such as “GoogleTranslate”, “DeepLTranslator”, “ModernMT”, “Apertium”, “Trident”, to name a few. To implement a more efficient and productive process for developing high-quality neural machine translation systems (NMTS), appropriate scientifically based methods of NMTS engineering are needed in order to get a high-quality and competitive product as quickly as possible. Objective. The purpose of this article is to apply the Eriksson-Penker business profile to the development and formalization of a method for system engineering of NMTS. Methods. The idea behind the neural machine translation system engineering method is to apply the Eriksson-Penker system engineering methodology and business profile to formalize an ordered way to develop NMT systems. Results. The method of developing NMT systems based on the use of system engineering techniques consists of three main stages. At the first stage, the structure of the NMT system is modelled in the form of an Eriksson-Penker business profile. At the second stage, a set of processes is determined that is specific to the class of Data Science systems, and the international CRISP-DM standard. At the third stage, verification and validation of the developed NMTS is carried out. Conclusions. The article proposes a method of system engineering of NMTS based on the modified Erickson-Penker business profile representation of the system at the meta-level, as well as international process standards of Data Science and Data Mining. The effectiveness of using this method was studied on the example of developing a bidirectional English-Ukrainian NMTS EUMT (English-Ukrainian Machine Translator) and it was found that the EUMT system is at least as good as the quality of English-Ukrainian translation of the popular Google Translate translator. The full version code of the EUMT system is published on the GitHub platform and is available at: https://github.com/EugeneSel/EUMT.