scholarly journals Initiation of Pharyngeal Swallow with Bolus Head at Posterior Angle of Ramus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Posterior Angle ◽  
Pharyngeal Swallow

Swallow Pattern Generator Reconfiguration of the Respiratory Neural Network

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Andrea Vovka ◽  
Paul W. Davenport ◽  
Karen Wheeler-Hegland ◽  
Kendall F. Morris ◽  
Christine M. Sapienza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Pattern Generator ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Control Assembly ◽  
Pharyngeal Swallow ◽  
Laryngeal Vestibule ◽  
Lower Airways ◽  
Swallow Apnea

Abstract When the nasal and oral passages converge and a bolus enters the pharynx, it is critical that breathing and swallow motor patterns become integrated to allow safe passage of the bolus through the pharynx. Breathing patterns must be reconfigured to inhibit inspiration, and upper airway muscle activity must be recruited and reconfigured to close the glottis and laryngeal vestibule, invert the epiglottis, and ultimately protect the lower airways. Failure to close and protect the glottal opening to the lower airways, or loss of the integration and coordination of swallow and breathing, increases the risk of penetration or aspiration. A neural swallow central pattern generator (CPG) controls the pharyngeal swallow phase and is located in the medulla. We propose that this swallow CPG is functionally organized in a holarchical behavioral control assembly (BCA) and is recruited with pharyngeal swallow. The swallow BCA holon reconfigures the respiratory CPG to produce the stereotypical swallow breathing pattern, consisting of swallow apnea during swallowing followed by prolongation of expiration following swallow. The timing of swallow apnea and the duration of expiration is a function of the presence of the bolus in the pharynx, size of the bolus, bolus consistency, breath cycle, ventilatory state and disease.

Influence of mucosal receptors on deglutitive regulation of pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter function

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (4) ◽  
pp. G644-G649 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. N. Ali ◽  
T. M. Laundl ◽  
K. L. Wallace ◽  
D. W. Shaw ◽  
D. J. Decarle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Input ◽  
Upper Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Sensory Receptors ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
Sphincter Function ◽  
Temporal Regulation ◽  
Wave Characteristics ◽  
Pharyngeal Swallow ◽  
Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Contraction Wave

The potential influence of mucosal sensory receptors on the regulation of oral-pharyngeal swallow events was studied in 15 healthy volunteers using simultaneous videoradiography and manometry. We determined the effects of selective pharyngeal and oral plus pharyngeal anesthesia on the following temporal and manometric measures in response to liquid and viscous swallows: regional transit and clearance times; motion of hyoid and larynx; upper esophageal sphincter relaxation, opening, and closure; and pharyngeal contraction wave characteristics. Under the influence of mucosal anesthesia no subjects demonstrated aspiration during deglutition. Neither regional transit and clearance times nor pharyngosphincteric coordination was influenced significantly by pharyngeal mucosal anesthesia or oral plus pharyngeal anesthesia. Although midpharyngeal and distal pharyngeal contraction amplitudes were not influenced by mucosal anesthesia, midpharyngeal contraction wave duration was reduced significantly by both pharyngeal (P = 0.02) and oral plus pharyngeal anesthesia (P = 0.0005). We conclude that 1) neither elicitation of the pharyngeal swallow response nor temporal regulation among swallow events is dependent on mucosal sensory receptors and 2) duration of the pharyngeal contraction is influenced by sensory input from the oral-pharyngeal mucosa.

scholarly journals DESCRIPTION OF A NEW ARCTIA FROM COLORADO

1871 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 167-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHAS. R. DODGE
Keyword(s):  
Costal Margin ◽  
Broad Line ◽  
First Line ◽  
Posterior Angle ◽  
Transverse Band ◽  
The Third ◽  
Straight Lines

Anterior wings rich chocolate - brown with creamy white stripes or markings. Costal margin lighter brown. A broad line running from the base of the median vein nearly to the posterior angle, where it becomes slightly forked; from this proceeds a slightly curved narrower branch, from the centre of the wing nearly to the costal edge, and one-third the distance from the apex ; a zigzag mark composed of three straight lines, the first being the broadest, and the third one-half the length of the others, proceeds from the outer angle, where it joins the first line, and terminates under the costal edge; the whole forming a distinct W crossed at the top by the transverse band. Inner edge faintly marked with creamy white.

scholarly journals The Chaetotaxy of the Pupa of Stegomyia fasciata

1920 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. S. Macfie
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Posterior Angle ◽  
Image Position ◽  
The Right ◽  
Two Sides

The pupa is bilaterally symmetrical, that is, setae occur in similar situations on each side of the body, so that it will suffice to describe the arrangement on one side only. The setae on the two sides of the same pupa, however, often vary as regards their sub-divisions, and similar variations occur between different individuals; as an example, in Table I are shown some of the variations that were found in ten pupae taken at random. An examination of a larger number would have revealed a wider range. As a rule, a seta which is sometimes single, sometimes divided, is longer when single. For example, in one pupa the seta at the posterior angle ofthe seventh segment was single on the right side, double on the left; the former measuring 266μ, and the latter only 159μ in length. This fact is not specifically mentioned in the descriptions which follow, but should be understood.

Cineradiography in closed and open pharyngeal swallow

1988 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Birch-Iensen ◽  
P. S. Borgström ◽  
O. Ekberg
Keyword(s):  
Pharyngeal Swallow

Pharyngeal swallowing elicited by fluid infusion: role of volition and vallecular containment

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (2) ◽  
pp. G347-G354 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Pouderoux ◽  
J. A. Logemann ◽  
P. J. Kahrilas
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Infusion Rate ◽  
Volitional Control ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Fluid Infusion ◽  
Water Infusion ◽  
Pharyngeal Swallow ◽  
Pharyngeal Swallowing ◽  
Temperature Water

Nonalimentary swallows minimize aspiration by clearing accumulated fluid from the pharynx. This study aimed to define 1) the pharyngeal sensory field to elicit swallowing and 2) the effect of infusion rate, volition, taste, and temperature on pharyngeal swallows. Test solutions were directed into the valleculae at 6.5, 11.5, and 32 ml/min through a catheter in eight healthy volunteers. Deglutition was signaled with electromyography and electroglottography. Spatial distribution of infusate before swallowing was studied using videofluoroscopy coupled with a video timer. Volitional control was assessed with rapid or restrained swallows. Pharyngeal swallow latency decreased as the instillation rate increased, was potently modified with volition, and was unchanged by infusate taste or temperature. Water infusion into the valleculae did not trigger pharyngeal swallowing until liquids overflowed and reached the aryepiglottic folds or pyriform sinuses. The variation in swallow latency among flow rates was mainly due to the duration of liquid containment within the valleculae. This suggests that the valleculae act to contain pharyngeal secretions and residue and prevent aspiration by diverting their contents around the larynx before swallowing.

Physiologic Effects of Open and Closed Tracheostomy Tubes on the Pharyngeal Swallow

2003 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxann Diez Gross ◽  
Jeanne Mahlmann ◽  
Judith P. Grayhack
Keyword(s):  
Tracheostomy Tube ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Subglottic Air Pressure ◽  
Laryngeal Penetration ◽  
Closed Tube ◽  
Pharyngeal Swallow ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Pharyngeal Swallowing ◽  
Tracheostomy Tubes ◽  
Swallow Function

Studies linking aspiration and dysphagia to an open tracheostomy tube exemplify the possibility that the larynx may have an influence on oropharyngeal swallow function. Experiments addressing the effects of tracheostomy tube occlusion during the swallow have looked at the presence and severity of aspiration, but few have included measurements that capture the changes in swallowing physiology. Also, hypotheses for the importance of near-normal subglottic air pressure during the swallow have not been offered to date. As such, the aim of this study was to compare the depth of laryngeal penetration, bolus speed, and duration of pharyngeal muscle contraction during the swallow in individuals with tracheostomy tubes while their tubes were open and closed. The results of this series of experiments indicate that within the same tracheostomized patient, pharyngeal swallowing physiology is measurably different in the absence of subglottic air pressure (open tube) as compared to the closed tube condition.

Short-Term Effects of Cold Liquids on the Pharyngeal Swallow in Preterm Infants with Dysphagia: A Pilot Study

Dysphagia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 593-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa Ferrara ◽  
Ranjith Kamity ◽  
Shahidul Islam ◽  
Irene Sher ◽  
Dan Barlev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pharyngeal Swallow ◽  
Short Term Effects

Upper esophageal sphincter impedance as a marker of sphincter opening diameter

2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (9) ◽  
pp. G909-G913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taher I. Omari ◽  
Lara Ferris ◽  
Eddy Dejaeger ◽  
Jan Tack ◽  
Dirk Vanbeckevoort ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Index ◽  
Upper Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Aim Analysis ◽  
Luminal Diameter ◽  
High Resolution Manometry ◽  
Swallowing Dysfunction ◽  
Pharyngeal Swallow ◽  
Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Ues Opening ◽  
Swallow Function

The measurement of the physical extent of opening of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) during bolus swallowing has to date relied on videofluoroscopy. Theoretically luminal impedance measured during bolus flow should be influenced by luminal diameter. In this study, we measured the UES nadir impedance (lowest value of impedance) during bolus swallowing and assessed it as a potential correlate of UES diameter that can be determined nonradiologically. In 40 patients with dysphagia, bolus swallowing of liquids, semisolids, and solids was recorded with manometry, impedance, and videofluoroscopy. During swallows, the UES opening diameter (in the lateral fluoroscopic view) was measured and compared with automated impedance manometry (AIM)-derived swallow function variables and UES nadir impedance as well as high-resolution manometry-derived UES relaxation pressure variables. Of all measured variables, UES nadir impedance was the most strongly correlated with UES opening diameter. Narrower diameter correlated with higher impedance ( r = −0.478, P < 0.001). Patients with <10 mm, 10–14 mm (normal), and ≥15 mm UES diameter had average UES nadir impedances of 498 ± 39 Ohms, 369 ± 31 Ohms, and 293 ± 17 Ohms, respectively (ANOVA P = 0.005). A higher swallow risk index, indicative of poor pharyngeal swallow function, was associated with narrower UES diameter and higher UES nadir impedance during swallowing. In contrast, UES relaxation pressure variables were not significantly altered in relation to UES diameter. We concluded that the UES nadir impedance correlates with opening diameter of the UES during bolus flow. This variable, when combined with other pharyngeal AIM analysis variables, may allow characterization of the pathophysiology of swallowing dysfunction.

Adaptation, compensation, and decompensation of the pharyngeal swallow

1985 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Buchholz ◽  
James F. Bosma ◽  
Martin W. Donner
Keyword(s):  
Pharyngeal Swallow
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