HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE CAROTID SINUS IN RABBIT

Histomorphological study confirmed that the carotid sinus was characterized by an abrupt thinning of elastic tunica media which was rapidly replaced by the normal muscularity of the media on the distal progression in the internal carotid artery. The carotid sinus was richly supplied with sensory receptors which took the form of menisci and left the sinus as the nerve of Hering.

Special Issue on Flavour Volatiles of Wine

The perception of wine flavour and aroma is the result of several interactions between a large number of chemical compounds and sensory receptors [...]

SENSOR APPLICATIONS IN ANALYSIS OF DRUGS AND FORMULATIONS

Several sensors, biosensors, and actuators are designed and mounted to analyze biomedical nutraceuticals, food, and nutraceutical products in this particular issue. Some applications concern classical subjects such as eubacteria determination in agricultural products, flashing material in foods such as the ethyl group’s chemicals, and fruit juices’ inhibitor properties. In contrast, the different applications are more revolutionary, such as safety research, the manufacture of artificial human senses (electronic nose or tongue), or t Ligands are often characterized by nano biosensors, utilizing biomaterials that involve specific aptamers, antibodies, enzymes, polymers, and sensory receptors. The square measurement of several modal sensing elements, integrated with nanomaterials, increases sensitivity such as nano biosensors and increases nano biosensor productivity. For the nano biosensor with increased efficiency, modality sensing components have been incorporated in this case. The square measurement of the elastic (ME) magnetic machine biosensors was used to classify infectious agents by a magnet coil in contemporary juice or milk and to develop direct detection of infectious agents on food scanning coils.

Estimation of Tactile Sensation by Two Point Discrimination among 18 Years Old People

Two point discrimination (TPD) is used to distinguish the two point discriminative sense. TPD is most commonly used as neurosensory tests in clinical settings. In tactile sensation, the sensory receptors from the skin reach the somatosensory system and stimulate mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, pain receptors, and proprioceptors to give the response to the respective stimuli. The present study was aim to assess the value of tactiles sensation by two point discrimination test among 18 years people. 18 years old people among the normal population were selected, consisting of 17 males and 33 females. 6 sensory areas were selected for the test. Test performed on six regions of the body like fingertips, fingers, palm, forehead, forearm, back of palm. The results were tabulated and statistically analyzed by independent t test. The ability to distinguish the two point discrimination was estimated in millimeters by using a simple hand operated device. The main findings of the study are that females were more sensitive than males in TPD perception.TPD perception was more among 18 years old. The TPD values are more in females when compared to males. The normative values of two point discrimination among 18 years people were established. This study concluded that fingertips in females were more sensitive than other parts of the body.

Cannabinoids Regulate Sensory Processing in Early Olfactory and Visual Neural Circuits

Our sensory systems such as the olfactory and visual systems are the target of neuromodulatory regulation. This neuromodulation starts at the level of sensory receptors and extends into cortical processing. A relatively new group of neuromodulators includes cannabinoids. These form a group of chemical substances that are found in the cannabis plant. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the main cannabinoids. THC acts in the brain and nervous system like the chemical substances that our body produces, the endogenous cannabinoids or endocannabinoids, also nicknamed the brain’s own cannabis. While the function of the endocannabinoid system is understood fairly well in limbic structures such as the hippocampus and the amygdala, this signaling system is less well understood in the olfactory pathway and the visual system. Here, we describe and compare endocannabinoids as signaling molecules in the early processing centers of the olfactory and visual system, the olfactory bulb, and the retina, and the relevance of the endocannabinoid system for synaptic plasticity.

Pacific-Ciguatoxin-2 and Brevetoxin-1 Induce the Sensitization of Sensory Receptors Mediating Pain and Pruritus in Sensory Neurons

Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning syndromes are induced by the consumption of seafood contaminated by ciguatoxins and brevetoxins. Both toxins cause sensory symptoms such as paresthesia, cold dysesthesia and painful disorders. An intense pruritus, which may become chronic, occurs also in CFP. No curative treatment is available and the pathophysiology is not fully elucidated. Here we conducted single-cell calcium video-imaging experiments in sensory neurons from newborn rats to study in vitro the ability of Pacific-ciguatoxin-2 (P-CTX-2) and brevetoxin-1 (PbTx-1) to sensitize receptors and ion channels, (i.e., to increase the percentage of responding cells and/or the response amplitude to their pharmacological agonists). In addition, we studied the neurotrophin release in sensory neurons co-cultured with keratinocytes after exposure to P-CTX-2. Our results show that P-CTX-2 induced the sensitization of TRPA1, TRPV4, PAR2, MrgprC, MrgprA and TTX-r NaV channels in sensory neurons. P-CTX-2 increased the release of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the co-culture supernatant, suggesting that those neurotrophins could contribute to the sensitization of the aforementioned receptors and channels. Our results suggest the potential role of sensitization of sensory receptors/ion channels in the induction or persistence of sensory disturbances in CFP syndrome.

Neuroanatomical Structures in Extraocular Muscles and Their Potential Implication in the Management of Strabismus

Keywords: extraocular muscles, oculomotor anomalies, sensory receptors, strabismus Key points: • Human extraocular muscles contain neural structures important for the development and maintenance of binocular vision. • Strabismus and other oculomotor anomalies may be attributable to developmental delay or acquired dysfunctions associated with these structures. • Treatment options and their potential implications are discussed.