Chronology of the use of woody plants in landscaping of Kryvyi Rih

Aim. Analysis of the chronological sequence of involvement of woody plants in landscaping of the city of Kryvyi Rih to develop conceptual foundations for their more effective use. Methods. Chronology of species implementation of woody plants in landscaping of the city were studied until the year 2000 on the basis of archival documents, scientific publications, as well as studies of the dendroflora of Kryvyi Rih. Results. In total, 185 species and forms of woody plants belonging to 82 genera were used in the landscaping of the city until the year 2000. In the period between 1870–1910, only 26 species were involved. In the postwar period (1945–1950), the number of species planted in the city was already 38 species, it increased significantly up to 78 species in the 1960s, and the maximum number of species - 90 was used in the landscaping of the city in the 1970s. In the first half of the twentieth century the most common species were members of the genus Acer L., among them A. negundo L., as well as Robinia pseudoacacia L.; species of the genera Ulmus L. and Fraxinus L. 1970–1980 years can be called the era of species of the genus Populus L. Conifers were solitarily planted in the city in the 1950s and 1960s, these are species of the genus Thuja L.and Juniperus L. In the late 1970s and 1980s, species of the genera Picea A. Dietr., Pinus L. and Taxus L. were massively introduced in the city. Today, such species as Picea pungens Engelm., as well as forms of P. pungens f. coerulea and P. pungens f. glauca is most represented among conifers in plantations, slightly less – Pinus pallasiana D. Don and P. sylvestris L. At this time and in the following years, Juniperus sabina L. is widespread in the city. Conclusions. In the urban environment of the XX century, the species, with a high level of vitality, primarily among deciduous Acer, Betula L., Catalpa Scop., Crataegus L., Fraxinus, Gleditsia L., Malus Mill., Morus L., Padellus Vass., Populus, Prunus L., Pyrus L., Quercus L., Rhus L., Sophora L., Tilia L., Ulmus proved to be stable and among coniferous — species of the genera Picea, Pinus, Taxus, Juniperus and Thuja, which are promising for further use.

THE CONTENT OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING IN LINGUISTICS AT THE UK UNIVERSITIES

The current challenges of linguistic globalization have increased the attention of researchers to professional training of specialists in linguistics. A detailed analysis of relevant scientific works on comparative pedagogy has shown that the problem in question in foreign experience, in particular in the UK, has not been sufficiently justified by Ukrainian researchers. Therefore, the article aims to analyze and justify the content of professional training for specialists in linguistics at the UK universities. The following research methods have been used to achieve the above-mentioned aim: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, structural-functional, comparative-pedagogical, exploratory, prognostic. A detailed study of content characteristics of professional training for linguists at the UK universities has proved that both the structurization and selection of training content rely on the competency-based approach, the principles of subject-specific specialization, interdisciplinarity, modularity, electiveness, fundamentalization. The structure of degree programmes consists of compulsory and optional courses, as well as dissertation preparation. Compulsory courses cover the key areas of linguistics (phonetics, phonology, semantics, morphology, syntax, pragmatics). Optional courses are focused on different linguistic fields (neurolinguistics, applied linguistics, cognitive linguistics, communicative linguistics, forensic linguistics). It must be noted that a wide range of optional courses highlights the innovativeness of the UK approach to student autonomy, given that British educators consider students as the full participants in the educational process, who can choose their own path to achieve expected learning outcomes due to the constructive and effective content of degree programmes in linguistics. This article does not disclose all the aspects of the problem in question. Consequently, further research should aim to substantiate the main characteristics of doctoral degree programmes in the field of linguistics at the UK universities.

COVID-19-associated orthostatic hypotension syndrome: direct and indirect mechanisms of development

Background. The article presents an observation of the clinical case of orthostatic hypotension that developed after an infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The issues of etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis are outlined. The complexity of diagnosis at the stage of clinical observation is due to the comorbidity of possible mechanisms and the difficulty of determining the primary factor. Taking into account the study of variants of direct and indirect action of this 2019-nCoV, the description of the clinical observation of orthostatic hypotension supplements the data on the spectrum of manifestations of this disease. Aim. Analysis of the clinical case of the development of orthostatic hypotension in the post-acute period of COVID-19. Material. When conducting a literature review on the selected topic, various sources were considered. The search depth was over 7 years. For the recruitment of literature, Internet platforms UpToDate, PubMed, Medscape were used. Russian and foreign sources were studied. Methods. Anamnesis collection, objective research, specialized tests, laboratory and instrumental research methods, study of disease history, literature sources on orthostatic hypotension and the effect of COVID-19 on the autonomic nervous system. Results. The analysis of this case with the determination of the leading mechanism of orthostatic hypotension is extremely difficult. Probably, there is a combination of factors: direct and indirect effects on the nervous system at COVID-19. The direct effect is associated with the interaction of the virus with the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptors in the nervous system, which causes a significant increase in the concentration of bradykinin and the development of hypotension. An indirect effect is due to both increased thrombus formation with the development of PE, and autonomic dysfunction, within the framework of secondary polyneuropathy of fine fibers. Conclusion. It is likely that in the near future the number of such patients in the practice of doctors will increase, therefore, timely and correct diagnosis of these conditions, with their careful management, will be the fundamental postulates in the recovery of patients. Drawing attention to this topic will possibly expand our understanding of the spectrum of complications of COVID-19 and will greatly complement the information available today.

Health information — relevance and accessibility (literature review)

Introduction. Health literacy directly impacts global health, social indicators, family relationships, and individual health behaviour. A fundamental element of an effective health system is information for the population on the protection and management of their health and those for whom they are responsible. As an essential skill, medical literacy is necessary for searching, understanding, and analyzing medical data from various sources. Improving people’s health literacy is critical to achieving responsibility for health. Aim. Analysis of the formation and impact of health literacy on the achievement of sustainable development and other health objectives. Material and methods. Literature search methods included search queries on Web of Science, Scopus, MedLine, The Cochrane Library databases. Results. Global access to essential health information is not reflected in official monitoring, indicating the need to improve access to health information to provide more effective care. The availability and use of reliable health information depend on the integrity of the global health information system. A systemic approach to the problem demonstrates the vital contribution of a vast number and variety of «components”, including health research, publication and dissemination of such research, systematic reviews, Development of guidelines and many different secondary outputs for users. Conclusion. Lack of access to health information is a social injustice that the world health community cannot afford to ignore. Access to essential health information is a prerequisite and a component of achieving universal health coverage.

TP53 Mutations, Deletions, and CN-LOH: Comparison of TP53 single Hit and Double Hit Events and Their Impact on Prognosis in Hematological Malignancies

Background: TP53 is altered in ~50% of human cancers. Alterations mainly include mutations and/or deletions, but also copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (CN-LOH) was reported. Frequently, both TP53 alleles are altered (by mutation + deletion, mutation + CN-LOH or ≥2 mutations), leading to a "double hit" event. Aim: Analysis of TP53 aberrations using WGS in 4646 cases with 29 different hematological malignancies, comparing (1) the frequencies of TP53 alterations, (2) occurrence of single hit vs. double hit, (3) correlation with complex karyotype and (4) impact on survival. Methods: Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed for all 4,646 patients (median coverage 100x). 151bp paired-end reads were generated on NovaSeq 6000 and HiSeqX machines (Illumina, San Diego, CA). As no sample specific normal tissue was available, a so-called Tumor/Unmatched normal (TUN) workflow was used to reduce technical artefacts and germline calls. All reported p-values are two-sided and were considered significant at p<0.05. Results: In the total cohort of 4,646 cases, in 582 (13%) at least one alteration (alt) involving TP53 was detected (comprising mutations (mut), deletions (del) and CN-LOH (LOH); Fig 1A,B). Cases were categorized as follows: cases with (1) 1 TP53 mut only (n=166), (2) del only (n=100), (3) LOH only (n=15), constituting the single hit events. Further, (4) cases with mut+del (might include 1 or more mut, n=211), cases with mut+LOH (≥1 mut, n=41), cases with ≥2 mut only (without del or LOH, n=49), resulting in double hit events (Fig 1B). Regarding the respective entities, high frequencies of TP53 alt were mainly detected in lymphoid malignancies (e.g. HGBL, MPAL, vHZL, MZL, MCL), whereas they were infrequent or absent in many myeloid malignancies (e.g. aCML, MPN, CMML, CML, MLN_eo; Fig 1A). For further analysis, only entities in which >10 cases showed TP53 alt events were used. Comparison of single hit vs. double hit revealed that T-NHL, MM, MPN and MDS predominantly showed a single hit, whereas the double hit was frequent in MPAL, MZL, MDS/MPN-U, CLL and MCL cases (Fig 1A). However, the type of double hit differed between myeloid and lymphoid malignancies, as myeloid neoplasms showed a high frequency of cases with ≥2 mut only, whereas in many lymphoid malignancies the double hit was predominantly generated by mut+del (Fig 1A,C). All TP53-associated events (mut, del, LOH and the respective combinations) were found to be associated with a complex karyotype in the total cohort (LOH: 14% complex karyotype in cases without TP53 alt vs. 59% in cases with TP53 alt, p<0.001). This association was also detected for most of the selected entities (exceptions: MZL, T-NHL). Regarding overall survival (OS), in the total cohort, all events involving TP53 impact on OS (TP53 alt: 22 months vs. 84 months, p<0.001; TP53 mut: 20 vs. 82 months, p<0.001; TP53 del: 20 vs. 79 months, p<0.001; TP53 LOH: 20 vs. 75 months, p<0.001). Moreover, although the single hit already impacts on OS, the double hit leads to an even inferior outcome (no hit vs. single hit vs. double hit: 84 vs. 39 vs. 14 months, p<0.001). In the selected entities, an influence of TP53 alt on OS was detected for all malignancies except HGBL, MZL and T-NHL, for which also the presence of a double hit did not show an effect on OS. For the majority of the other entities, the double hit leads to a shorter OS than the single hit (as observed for the total cohort), with the exceptions of MCL and MPAL: in these entities, the single hit did not impact on OS, but only a double hit is associated with inferior outcome. Conclusions: (1) Frequency of TP53 alterations and of double hit vs. single hit differs markedly between entities. (2) The kind of TP53 complexity differs between both lineages (double hit in myeloid neoplasms: often ≥2 mut only; in lymphoid malignancies: predominantly mut+del). (3) In 7% (41/582) of cases with TP53 alt, CN-LOH transforms a single hit into a double hit. (4) In the total cohort and in the majority of selected entities (except MZL and T-NHL), TP53 alt are associated with complex karyotype. (5) In the total cohort, all events involving TP53 impact on OS; cases with double hit show an inferior outcome compared to single hit. (6) Regarding OS, the selected entities can be divided into three categories: (i) no influence of TP53 alt (HGBL, MZL, T-NHL); (ii) double hit required for impact on OS (MCL, MPAL); (iii) influence of both single hit and double hit with inferior outcome of double hit (all other). Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Kern: MLL Munich Leukemia Laboratory: Other: Part ownership. Haferlach: MLL Munich Leukemia Laboratory: Other: Part ownership. Haferlach: MLL Munich Leukemia Laboratory: Other: Part ownership.

Multiple sclerosis in the otoneurology outpatient clinic: interdisciplinary cooperation between otoneurologist and neurologist

Summary Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic multifocal inflammatory disease affecting the CNS, with autoimmune and neurodegenerative processes involved in its pathogenesis. Otoneurology outpatient clinic patients presenting with hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo may eventually be newly dia­gnosed MS patients. An otoneurologist specialist may be the first physician to suspect MS and refer the patient for an MRI and neurological examination. Early dia­gnosis and subsequent treatment of MS can delay permanent disability. Aim: Analysis of the incidence of MS patients in an otoneurological outpatient clinic during a twenty-year period. To increase the otoneurologists’ awareness of MS dia­gnosis. Methods and materials: Of 6,000 patients, who were newly examined in an otoneurology outpatient clinic between 2000 and 2021, data of 11 patients (0,18%) (5 male/6 female, aged 25–58 years) with MS or suspected of MS were retrospectively evaluated. Results: In 11 patients, MS was suspected or ongoing. In 4 of those patients, otoneurological examination contributed to the first detection of MS by an otoneurologist. The first MS symptoms included hearing loss, tinnitus, instability, and post-infection visual disorder. Conclusion: The otoneurologist must consider that sudden hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo may be the first manifestations of MS. Early dia­gnosis of MS increases the likelihood that with treatment, the progression of the disease will be slowed. Interdisciplinary cooperation between the otoneurologists and neurologists is very important for the dia­gnosis of MS. Key words multiple sclerosis – sensorineural hearing loss – tinnitus – vertigo – otoneurology

LEUKOCYTAL INDICES AND OCCUPATIONAL EXTERNAL GAMMA-EXPOSURE

Background: The hematopoietic system is classified as the most radiosensitive body system. Research of occupational radiation-induced hematological shifts continues to be a relevant question of occupational radiation safety. Aim: Analysis of leukocytal indices dynamics depending on the accumulated dose of occupational external gamma-exposure. Methods: The database «Leukemia in the cohort of Mayak Production Association workers hired in 1948-1958» was used as the material. Leukocytal indices were estimated based on 19592 peripheral blood analyses; dynamics of hematological shifts was traced according to accumulation of absorbed doses of occupational external gamma-radiation; comparative analysis of hemogramms with a group of workers without oncohematological pathology was carried out. Nonparametric statistical methods were applied. Results: The period of dose accumulation at the same total dose of occupational external gamma-exposure was much different in the study groups, it was much shorter for individuals who later died of leukemia. Leukocytal indices in groups were most different in the range of accumulated absorbed doses of external gamma exposure equal to 2 – 2.5 Gy and had the largest amplitude of values among the workers diagnosed for leukemia later. Conclusion: The estimation of leukocytal indices may be used as the tool for early detection of adverse hematological shifts in cell lines and may be the indicator of pathologic hemapoiesis in the exposed workers before clinical manifestation of hematological pathology.

Subjective cognitive impairment —more questions than answers

The article is devoted to the actual problem of subjective cognitive impairment, in particular, diagnostic methods, as well as hidden and obvious factors affecting its development. Due to the lack of effective treatment, today special attention is paid to pre-demental cognitive disorders. Aim. Analysis of available literature data on subjective cognitive impairment. Material and methods. Various sources were considered during conducting a literature review on the selected topic. The search depth was more than 15 years. Russian and foreign sources were studied on Internet platforms such as Web of science, UpToDate, PubMed, CyberLeninka, Medscape for selection of literature. Results. According to the studied data, the prevalence of subjective cognitive impairment is quite high in the population, but diagnosis remains difficult due to the lack of susceptible and unified tests. International diagnostic criteria for subjective cognitive impairment are described. The article also presents modern ideas about the obvious and hidden factors that affect the course and prognosis of this state. The possibility of early diagnosis, as one of the most urgent tasks, as well as the methodology of neurocognitive testing are discussed. Conclusion. Subjective cognitive impairment is becoming an increasingly urgent problem every year. In this regard, doctors of various specialties need to focus attention with minimal suspicion of pathology, since at this stage the changes are potentially reversible. There are both explicit and implicit factors that lead to subjective cognitive impairment. Among the hidden factors, the article discusses multitasking, impaired social interaction, gadget addiction, affective disorders, sleep disorders, pain, and COVID-19. For the most effective detection of subjective cognitive disorders, it is necessary to have unified sets of susceptible tests, which are currently under development.

Physiotherapy in the Сomplex Rehabilitation of Children with Anorectal Malformations: Systematic Review

Medical rehabilitation is an integral part of the treatment for surgical patients. Regarding pediatric patients with anorectal malformations, the success of the result of surgical treatment is mainly a correctly selected rehabilitation program, including methods of individual physiotherapy. Disturbances of intestinal transit, such as chronic constipation and anal incontinence, according to the world literature, occur in the study group in up to 30% of cases. According to the social significance of constipation and anal incontinence, the psychological aspects, the disabling component, children with anorectal malformations need early and long-term rehabilitation, adapted to their needs. At the moment, there are regulatory documents describing the principles of medical rehabilitation of children, its main characteristics, however, there are no protocols for the use of physiotherapy methods regarding the manifestations of colon transit disorders. Aim. Analysis of modern literature data on physiotherapeutic methods of rehabilitation of children with anorectal malformations. Material and methods. After determining the research criteria, a basic literature review using Web of Science, PubMed, electronic library was conducted, as a result 186 articles were selected that met the search criteria. After the initial assessment, 10 full-text articles were accepted for the analysis. Results. We have assessed the opportunity and mechanisms of the therapeutic action of sacral stimulation and tibial neuromodulation, the effect of various types of currents and a high-intensity magnetic field on the muscles of the complex, studied the possibility and results of using biofeedback therapy in children with colon transit disorders after operations on the anorectal body area in 421 children in 10 studies. Conclusion. Based on the results of scientific research, a range of physiotherapy methods have been established that are effective in relation to rehabilitation measures in children with anorectal malformations.