scholarly journals DESIGN FEATURES AND HAZARDS OF HYDROGEN FUEL CELL CARS

Fire Safety ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 52-57
Author(s):  
O. Lazarenko ◽  
V.-P. Parkhomenko ◽  
R. Sukach ◽  
B. Bilonozhko ◽  
A. Kuskovets
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel Cell ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Short Period

Introduction. The gradual and relentless development of alternative energy sources and the constant strug-gle of humanity with excess greenhouse gas emissions led to the simultaneous development of vehicles with alternative energy sources. Currently, vehicles that run exclusively on electricity and are virtually safe for the environment are becoming increasingly popular. Among the variety of vehicles running on electricity, it is necessary to single out vehicles that use compressed hydrogen to generate electricity. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCV) are already widely used in the United States, Germany, Japan, and the rest of the world, and their governments are constantly expanding and developing the appropriate infrastructure for them.The purpose and objectives of the study. The paper analyses the basic structure of HFCV and identifies the main scenarios of possible emergencies, namely: fire or explosion of fuel tanks with hydrogen; leakage, flaming of hydrogen from fuel lines (tank) under the high pressure; high-pressure hydrogen jet fire; leakage of hydrogen in the compartment (garage, closed parking) without further combustion.Methods. In the work on the subsequent literature review, the probable dangers for the personnel of the emergency rescue units involved in the elimination of certain emergency scenarios were identified.Results. It is established that: during the combustion of HFCV the most probable jet fire of hydrogen (flame temperature can reach 2000 0C), and also possible explosion of hydrogen cylinders or gas-air mixture with a significant range. Secondly, leakage of hydrogen in the compartment can cause its destruction in a relatively short period (about 15 seconds), and/or poisoning (asphyxia) of people due to a sharp decrease in oxygen concentration.Conclusions. The analysis and generalization of existing knowledge on the potential hazard of HFCV is conducted, electric cars give us reasonable grounds to argue that the regulatory framework for the construction and installation of security systems for land and underground parking, places of accumulation of such vehicles is not adapted to today's realities. At the same time, the following studies should be directed at estimating probablee risks of such emergencies.

A Solar-Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Home and Research Platform

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Palmer ◽  
Gregory D. Sachs ◽  
William J. Sembler
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
New York State ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Solar Array ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel Cell ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
Solar Hydrogen ◽  
Research Platform

The Solar-Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Home located at the United States Merchant Marine Academy, one of America’s five federal service academies, is believed to be the first of its kind in New York State and perhaps the nation. It represents a synergy of alternative-energy equipment that uses the sun’s energy to create electricity to power the home or surrounding community. Furthermore, it creates hydrogen gas that can be used as a fuel for a variety of applications. The hydrogen produced has two main purposes. First, the hydrogen supplies a fuel cell that produces electricity for the home in the evenings or during days when it is cloudy. Second, the hydrogen can be used to fill up the fuel tank of an environmentally friendly hydrogen-powered automobile after a typical day of operation. There are three primary objectives of this paper. The first objective is to provide a technical overview of the home’s energy systems. This includes an overview of the various monitoring devices, followed by a discussion on how these types of energy systems can help meet the needs of sustainability and energy independence. Building upon this information, the second objective is to perform an analysis of the current system configuration, including the solar array capacity, fuel cell size, and quantity of hydrogen that can be produced versus what is required for the home to be energy self-sufficient. The third objective is to explore existing maritime and military applications and to suggest future applications that may stem from research of this cutting-edge Solar-Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Home and research platform.

Pressure analysis on two-step high pressure reducing system for hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (16) ◽  
pp. 11541-11552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fu-qiang Chen ◽  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Jin-yuan Qian ◽  
Li-long Chen ◽  
Zhi-jiang Jin
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel Cell ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle ◽  
Pressure Analysis

scholarly journals Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicles and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles Using the GREET Model—A Comparative Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4872
Author(s):  
Eugene Yin Cheung Wong ◽  
Danny Chi Kuen Ho ◽  
Stuart So ◽  
Chi-Wing Tsang ◽  
Eve Man Hin Chan
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Fuel Cycle ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Fuel Cell Vehicles ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel Cell ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles

Facing global warming and recent bans on the use of diesel in vehicles, there is a growing need to develop vehicles powered by renewable energy sources to mitigate greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions. Among the various forms of non-fossil energy for vehicles, hydrogen fuel is emerging as a promising way to combat global warming. To date, most studies on vehicle carbon emissions have focused on diesel and electric vehicles (EVs). Emission assessment methodologies are usually developed for fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) which are non-durable household goods such as packaged foods, beverages, and toiletries instead of vehicle products. There is an increase in the number of articles addressing the product carbon footprint (PCF) of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in the recent years, while relatively little research focuses on both vehicle PCF and fuel cycle. Zero-emission vehicles initiative has also brought the importance of investigating the emission throughout the fuel cycle of hydrogen fuel cell and its environmental impact. To address these gaps, this study uses the life-cycle assessment (LCA) process of GREET (greenhouse gases, regulated emissions, and energy use in transportation) to compare the PCF of an EV (Tesla Model 3) and a hydrogen fuel cell car (Toyota MIRAI). According to the GREET results, the fuel cycle contributes significantly to the PCF of both vehicles. The findings also reveal the need for greater transparency in the disclosure of relevant information on the PCF methodology adopted by vehicle manufacturers to enable comparison of their vehicles’ emissions. Future work will include examining the best practices of PCF reporting for vehicles powered by renewable energy sources as well as examining the carbon footprints of hydrogen production technologies based on different methodologies.

Content Analysis of Interviews with Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Drivers in Los Angeles

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (9) ◽  
pp. 377-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Lopez Jaramillo ◽  
Rhian Stotts ◽  
Scott Kelley ◽  
Michael Kuby
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Stated Preference ◽  
Lifetime Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fuel Cell Vehicle ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel Cell ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
Structured Interviews

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) are zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) and their widespread adoption may help to mitigate some of the issues arising from fossil-fuel usage in the transportation sector. Only in recent years have these vehicles become available for purchase or lease in the United States, and only within the State of California. In 2018, nearly 5,500 HFCVs had been sold or leased in California, supported by a developing refueling infrastructure there. This population represents a unique opportunity, as previous studies on HFCV adoption have largely employed hypothetical stated preference surveys distributed to likely adopters. Seeking to investigate the real experiences of actual adopters from their own perspectives, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 early adopters of HFCVs in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Thematic content analysis of these interviews was conducted to identify the prevalence of factors deductively derived from published literature. All respondents considered lifetime cost of vehicle ownership, engaged in comparison shopping, and assessed the adequacy of the refueling infrastructure by various geographical criteria. Environmental concerns motivated many respondents to pursue HFCV adoption, though only if it made financial sense. Respondents chose HFCVs over battery electric vehicles after consideration of range, refueling time, and cost. Early HFCV adopters consistently cast their adoption of the technology as a contribution to a diverse ZEV marketplace. Strategies for the promotion of HFCV technology must account for this range of variation in early-adopter motivations, concerns, and behaviors which might complicate targeted HFCV promotion strategies.

‘A magnified piece of thermodynamics’: the Promethean iconography of the refrigerator in Paul Theroux's The Mosquito Coast

1999 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-342
Author(s):  
IAN HIGGINSON ◽  
CROSBIE SMITH
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Western World ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Post War ◽  
Formed Part

Refrigeration has become so well established over the last 125 years that today a crude ice maker becomes a boon for primitive people in the jungle or desert. Only a total dislocation in energy sources will quickly loosen the connections between people and cooling. A few centuries ago, Hippocrates (460–377? B.C.) observed: ‘most men would rather run the hazards of their lives or health than be deprived of the pleasure of drinking out of ice’ … In the U.S.A. [today], 750 million frozen Eskimo Pies are sold annually and seven ice cream plants are said to be operating in Moscow … Like the men of Hippocrates, a lot of people will resist any curtailment in food and freezing operations. They have come to expect these for survival in our present social and industrial orders.These remarks, asserting the extent to which the people of the United States of America regarded refrigeration not as an optional luxury but as a necessity for survival even at the height of the energy crisis of the late 1970s, formed part of a contribution to a massive 11-volume international compendium, Alternative Energy Sources, produced in 1978 in response to Western concerns about rising oil prices and falling reserves. An enthusiastic advocate for geothermal energy, the contributor's perception provides a vivid contextual starting point for our study of Paul Theroux's novel The Mosquito Coast (1981). In this novel the central narrative focuses upon a New England family's rejection of post-war American consumer society with its imperative to ‘build automobiles that would fail within five years and refrigerators that would fail in ten’. The novel indeed explores some of those very kinds of alternative energy sources which had been exciting scientists and inventors (often on or beyond the fringes of scientific orthodoxy) since the early 1970s when journals such as The Ecologist had begun to prophesy an end to energy-driven economic growth in the western world.

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