scholarly journals Effective Use of Genomics in Commercial Dairy Farms

EDIS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Peñagaricano
Keyword(s):  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Entire Genome ◽  
Genomic Breeding ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Selection Decisions ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽  
Estimated Breeding Values ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Animal Sciences ◽  
Dairy Sire

Genomic selection refers to selection decisions based on genomic-estimated breeding values. These genomic breeding values are calculated using genetic markers across the entire genome. This technology has revolutionized dairy cattle breeding globally. This new 4-page fact sheet discusses the effects of genomics on dairy sire selection. Written by Francisco Peñagaricano, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Animal Sciences, February 2018.  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/an340

Dairy cattle breeding.

2021 ◽  
pp. 234-291
Author(s):  
Geoff Simm ◽  
Geoff Pollott ◽  
Raphael Mrode ◽  
Ross Houston ◽  
Karen Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Animal Breeding ◽  
Technology Selection ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Breeding Technology ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding

Abstract This chapter discussed the effects of applying the different principles in animal breeding such genetic analysis, predicting breeding values, use of tools and breeding technology, selection response within breeds, and strategies for genetic improvements in dairy cattle.

scholarly journals PREDICTION OF PHENOTYPIC AND GENOTYPIC VALUES BY BLUP/GWS AND NEURAL NETWORKS

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 532-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALISSON ESDRAS COUTINHO ◽  
DIOGO GONÇALVES NEDER ◽  
MAIRYKON COÊLHO DA SILVA ◽  
ELIANE CRISTINA ARCELINO ◽  
SILVAN GOMES DE BRITO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Prediction Methods ◽  
Best Linear Unbiased Predictor ◽  
Entire Genome ◽  
Genomic Breeding ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Best Linear Unbiased

ABSTRACT Genome-wide selection (GWS) uses simultaneously the effect of the thousands markers covering the entire genome to predict genomic breeding values for individuals under selection. The possible benefits of GWS are the reduction of the breeding cycle, increase in gains per unit of time, and decrease of costs. However, the success of the GWS is dependent on the choice of the method to predict the effects of markers. Thus, the objective of this work was to predict genomic breeding values (GEBV) through artificial neural networks (ANN), based on the estimation of the effect of the markers, compared to the Ridge Regression-Best Linear Unbiased Predictor/Genome Wide Selection (RR-BLUP/GWS). Simulations were performed by software R to provide correlations concerning ANN and RR-BLUP/GWS. The prediction methods were evaluated using correlations between phenotypic and genotypic values and predicted GEBV. The results showed the superiority of the ANN in predicting GEBV in simulations with higher and lower marker densities, with higher levels of linkage disequilibrium and heritability.

Current and future developments in dairy cattle breeding: a research viewpoint

1995 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
W. G. Hill ◽  
S. Brotherstone ◽  
P. M. Visscher
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Rapid Improvement ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Evaluation Procedures ◽  
Selection Decisions ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Selection Intensities

AbstractRates of genetic improvement in dairy cattle breeding programmes have increased substantially in the last decade, not only in Europe where there has been substantial immigration of North American stock. More accurate statistical evaluation procedures, including the use of best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) with the animal model, have been introduced; higher selection intensities have been achieved, particularly on production traits, through better organized and focused schemes; and developments in multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) have been both a stimulus and to some extent a cause. Continued rapid improvement can be expected as research and development enables more accurate and timely use to be made of recording data, because there is evidence that heritability values for milk production are rising, perhaps because of better cow management, and as competition among breeders internationally increases. There are a number of consequent challenges to geneticists and breeders. Attention will have to be given to maintaining the fitness of very high producing animals by recording health, fertility, longevity and parlour traits, and using the results of research to give them appropriate weight in selection decisions. Developments in molecular methods and in reproductive technologies present new opportunities, but are unlikely to do more for some time than complement progress from conventional selection on the important production traits.

Accuracy of conversion of sire evaluations to united kingdom (uk) predicted transmitting ability (pta) equivalents (holstein friesian)

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 130-130
Author(s):  
M.S. Winters ◽  
G.J.T. Swanson ◽  
R.A. Mrode
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Correct Selection ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Evaluation Systems ◽  
Selection Decisions ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Frozen Semen ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Genetic Evaluations

The International Dairy Cattle breeding industry characterises itself by ever increasing competition between countries. Frozen semen and embryos are easily transportable, providing breeders with access to bulls from almost anywhere in the world. Problems arise from the fact that each country produces genetic evaluations with different units, different expressions of genetic merit and different genetic bases. Without some means of standardisation it is very difficult to make the correct selection decisions.Procedures have been recommended and described by the International Bull Evaluation Service (INTERBULL) to convert foreign genetic evaluations to the genetic equivalents in the importing country (Philipsson et al. 1986). Previous research carried out in the UK has shown that converting foreign proofs to Improved Contemporary Comparisons (ICCs) worked well for Canada and New Zealand (Swanson et al, 1989). The change in the evaluation systems in the UK and elsewhere, to an Individual Animal Model, plus the availability of more data from more countries, were reasons to re-look at the accuracy with which the current conversion method predicts the actual PTA for milk, fat and protein within the UK.

scholarly journals Designing dairy cattle breeding schemes under genomic selection: a review of international research

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Pryce ◽  
H. D. Daetwyler
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Genomic Selection ◽  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Genomic Breeding ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Scheme Design ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽  
Breeding Schemes

High rates of genetic gain can be achieved through (1) accurate predictions of breeding values (2) high intensities of selection and (3) shorter generation intervals. Reliabilities of ~60% are currently achievable using genomic selection in dairy cattle. This breakthrough means that selection of animals can happen at a very early age (i.e. as soon as a DNA sample is available) and has opened opportunities to radically redesign breeding schemes. Most research over the past decade has focussed on the feasibility of genomic selection, especially how to increase the accuracy of genomic breeding values. More recently, how to apply genomic technology to breeding schemes has generated a lot of interest. Some of this research remains the intellectual property of breeding companies, but there are examples in the public domain. Here we review published research into breeding scheme design using genomic selection and evaluate which designs appear to be promising (in terms of rates of genetic gain) and those that may have unfavourable side-effects (i.e. increasing the rate of inbreeding). The schemes range from fairly conservative designs where bulls are screened genomically to reduce numbers entering progeny testing, to schemes where very large numbers of bull calves are screened and used as sires as soon as they reach sexual maturity. More radical schemes that incorporate the use of reproductive technologies (in juveniles) and genomic selection in nucleus herds are also described. The models used are either deterministic and more recently tend to be stochastic, simulating populations of cattle. A key driver of the rate of genetic gain is the generation interval, which could range from being similar to that in conventional testing (~5 years), down to as little as 1.5 years. Generally, the rate of genetic gain is between 12% and 100% more than in conventional progeny testing, while the rate of inbreeding tends to be lower per generation than in progeny testing because Mendelian sampling terms can be estimated more accurately. However, short generation intervals can lead to higher rates of inbreeding per year in genomic breeding programs.

The Progeny Test as a Method of Evaluating the Dairy Sire.

1932 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 811-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Progeny Test ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Accurate Indication ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Dairy Sire

A survey of some environmental and physiological factors influencing milk yield and an analysis of theories of and experiments on milk and butterfat inheritance have been made.Further evidence is given of the fact that the proved dairy sire is the outstanding medium through which improvement in dairy cattle breeding may be effected. The need of (1) prolonging the breeding life of such an animal and (2) evolving a scheme for the regular progeny-recording of all dairy sires is emphasised.The minimum number of unselected daughters necessary to give a reasonably accurate indication of their sire's transmitting ability is six.

scholarly journals Optimum mating designs for exploiting dominance in genomic selection schemes for aquaculture species

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Fernández ◽  
Beatriz Villanueva ◽  
Miguel Angel Toro
Keyword(s):  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Mate Selection ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
Genomic Breeding ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Commercial Population ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Estimated Breeding Values

Abstract Background In commercial fish, dominance effects could be exploited by predicting production abilities of the offspring that would be generated by different mating pairs and choosing those pairs that maximise the average offspring phenotype. Consequently, matings would be performed to reduce inbreeding depression. This can be achieved by applying mate selection (MS) that combines selection and mating decisions in a single step. An alternative strategy to MS would be to apply minimum coancestry mating (MCM) after selection based on estimated breeding values. The objective of this study was to evaluate, by computer simulations, the potential benefits that can be obtained by implementing MS or MCM based on genomic data for exploiting dominance effects when creating commercial fish populations that are derived from a breeding nucleus. Methods The selected trait was determined by a variable number of loci with additive and dominance effects. The population consisted of 50 full-sib families with 30 offspring each. Males and females with the highest estimated genomic breeding values were selected in the nucleus and paired using the MCM strategy. Both MCM and MS were used to create the commercial population. Results For a moderate number of SNPs, equal or even higher mean phenotypic values are obtained by selecting on genomic breeding values and then applying MCM than by using MS when the trait exhibited substantial inbreeding depression. This could be because MCM leads to high levels of heterozygosity across the whole genome, even for loci affecting the trait that are in linkage equilibrium with the SNPs. In contrast, MS specifically promotes heterozygosity for SNPs for which a dominance effect has been detected. Conclusions In most scenarios, for the management of aquaculture breeding programs it seems advisable to follow the MCM strategy when creating the commercial population, especially for traits with large inbreeding depression. Moreover, MCM has the appealing property of reducing inbreeding levels, with a corresponding reduction in inbreeding depression for traits beyond those included in the selection objective.

Genetic correlations between 305-day and monthly test day milk yield records in primiparous Iranian Holsteins

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 219-219
Author(s):  
H. Farhangfar ◽  
P. Rowlinson ◽  
M.B. Willis
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽  
Adjustment Factors ◽  
Breeding Programmes

Traditionally, in most dairy cattle breeding programmes genetic evaluation of dairy sires and cows has been primarily based on 305-day lactation yield. To provide 305-day lactation yields many partial lactations have to be extended by adjustment factors resulting in overestimation or underestimation of 305-day yields which in turn leads to biased prediction of breeding values. Over the past decade there has been a considerable interest in using monthly test day records instead of 305-day lactation yield to predict breeding values of dairy cattle as early as possible and also to increase genetic gain through reducing generation interval. The main objective of present research was to estimate the genetic correlations between 305-day and monthly test day milk yields in Iranian Holstein dairy heifers.

scholarly journals Basic Concepts of Dairy Sire Selection

EDIS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Peñagaricano
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Multiple Traits ◽  
Proper Selection ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Selection Decisions ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Animal Sciences ◽  
Dairy Sire ◽  
Sire Selection

Sire selection is one of the most important decisions that a dairy producer makes. It represents a great opportunity to improve the profitability of the dairy production enterprise. This new 3-page fact sheet reviews some key concepts that should be considered in order to make proper selection decisions and discusses alternative methods for selecting sires based on multiple traits. Written by Francisco Peñagaricano, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Animal Sciences, January 2018.  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/an337

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