scholarly journals The tone system of Ruc and tonogenesis in Vietic languages

Author(s):  
Tấn Thành Tạ

Rục, a dialect of the ethnic group of Chứt spoken in the mountainous area in Quảng Bình province, has been describing as a tonal language with four tones characterized by pitch (F0), voice quality and laryngeal features; however, there has been no experimental study on the tone system of Rục. In Summer 2019, we recorded 20 Ruc speakers (10 women) reading a wordlist including 66 words made of five vowels /iː, ɛː, uː, ɔː, aː/ in combination with different dental and velar onsets and the four tones. The results show that the four tones in Rục are differentiated by pitch height and pitch contour. Moreover, spectral measurements (H1-H2, H1-A1, H1-A2 and CPP) indicate that two low-register tones (derived from voiced onsets) have a breathy voice compared to a modal voice in two high-register tones (derived from voiceless onsets). In words with the two low-register tones, vowels tend to be pronounced with a higher aperture (a lower F1) than in high-register tones context. These results support and update theories on tonongenesis and registrogenesis in Vietic languages and Mon-Khmer languages in general.

Author(s):  
WU-JI YANG ◽  
JYH-CHYANG LEE ◽  
YUEH-CHIN CHANG ◽  
HSIAO-CHUAN WANG

This study purposes a method for recognizing the lexical tones in Mandarin speech. The method is based on Vector Quantization (VQ) and Hidden Markov Models (HMM). The pitch periods are extracted to derive the feature vectors which represent pitch height and pitch contour slope. One HMM is trained by the feature vectors of monosyllables for each tone. Then the HMMs are used to recognize the tone of monosyllables and disyllables. For the monosyllables, the accuracy rate can be 93.75% for speaker-independent cases. For the disyllables, the accuracy rates are 93% for the first syllables and 90% for the second syllables. It shows that the tone of the second syllable may be affected by the preceding syllable. This degradation also reveals the fact of tone variation in Mandarin speech.


2011 ◽  
Vol 487 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiu-Kei Tsang ◽  
Shiwei Jia ◽  
Jian Huang ◽  
Hsuan-Chih Chen

Diachronica ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Thurgood

Summary Our most widely-used model of tonogenesis is Haudricourt’s 1954 classic analysis of Vietnamese tonogenesis. This paper examines Vietnamese evidence and this dominant model of tonogenesis, arguing that the Haudricourt analysis should be updated, replacing its segmentally-driven model by a laryngeally-based model, incorporating the effects of voice-quality distinctions. This proposed model provides phonetically-plausible paths of change, not just for Vietnamese, but also for the widely- attested correlations between initial voicing and pitch height and between voice quality and vowel quality. At the same time, these same laryngeal considerations provide a phonetic motivation for the preference for the development of breathy voice from voiced stop onsets over sonorants and fricatives. Of equal importance, the model appears to provide significant insights into tonogenesis in Southeast Asia, East Asia, South Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas, that is, the applicability model is not restricted to any particular geographical area. Zusammenfassung Eines der verbreitesten Modelle für den Ursprung und die Spaltung der Töne ist die klassische, von Haudricourt 1954 dargestellte Analyse der Tonogenese des Vietnamesischen. In diesem Aufsatz wird dieses eben genannte und in der Lehre der Tonursprung dominante Modell unter die Lupe genommen. Wir meinen, man sollte vielleicht die Haudricourt’sche Analyse etwas auffrischen, indem die segmentale Basis durch eine Fundierung ersetzt wird, die auf den Einfluss der Stimmen- Qualitaet (þvoice quality“) eingebaut ist. Dieses neue Modell liefert phonetisch-plausible Möglichkeiten, nicht nur für das Vietnamesische, sondern auch für Sprachen in denen eine starke Korrelation zwischen der Stimmhaftigkeit der Anlauts-Konsonanten und der Höhe der Silbenfrequenz, sowie zwischen Stimmqualität und Vokal-Qualität vorliegt. Zur gleichen Zeit liefert die Einbeziehung des Stimmerzeugungsapparats eine phonetische Erklärung und Motivation dafür, dass Ver- schlusslaute den Vorteil über Frikativa und Sonorantlautung im Anlaut besitzen. Außerdem noch bringt es neues Licht in den Prozess der Tonogenese in Sprachen so divers wie diejenigen von Südost-Asien, Ost-Asien, Süd-Asien, Afrika, Europa, und Nord- und Südamerika, d.h. Sprachen in praktischen allen geographischen Gegenden der Welt. Résumé Le modèle le plus communément accepté de tonogénèse est celui développé par Haudricourt dans son analyse classique du développement des tons en vietnamien en 1954. Le présent article ré-examine le modèle posé pour la tonogénèse en vietnamien et propose une révision du modèle d’Haudricourt, remplaçant une approche basée sur les segments par une approche basée sur les phénomènes laryngaux, en particulier sur les effets de différences de qualité de voix. Le modèle que nous proposons décrit des séquences de changements phonétiquement plausibles, non seulement pour le vietnamien mais aussi pour les corrélations fréquemment attestées d’une part entre voisement initial et hauteur tonale, d’autre part entre qualité de voix et timbre vocalique. Les phénomènes laryngaux que nous décrivons expliquent aussi la prépondérance du développement de la voix soufflée à partir d’occlusives voisées plutôt qu’à partir de sonantes et fricatives. Ce modèle n’est pas restreint à une aire géographique particulière, mais éclaire la tonogénèse dans d’autres langues d’Asie du Sud-est, d’Asie, d’Afrique, d’Europe et des Amériques.


Author(s):  
Makoto Ono ◽  
Yukiji Mikamo ◽  
Keisuke Ohtou ◽  
Masaharu Hata ◽  
Shigeru Tomisato

1983 ◽  
Vol 74 (S1) ◽  
pp. S51-S51
Author(s):  
Klaus R. Scherer ◽  
Kim Silverman ◽  
D. Robert Ladd
Keyword(s):  

2016 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
pp. 3225-3225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allard Jongman ◽  
Zhen Qin ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Joan Sereno
Keyword(s):  

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine J. Stevens ◽  
Peter E. Keller ◽  
Michael D. Tyler

1977 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail R. Benjamin

AbstractAn experimental study of the role of tone of voice in Japanese conversations, using both Japanese and American subjects, has uncovered situational determinants of voice quality not related to emotion. Some of these variations are perceived differently by the two sets of subjects, some in the same way. The nature of the situational determinants casts new doubt on the plausibility of ‘language’ as a natural subset of human communications. (Tone of voice, non-linguistic communication, ethnography of communication, Japan.)


1978 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gutmark ◽  
M. Wolfshtein ◽  
I. Wygnanski

This paper presents an experimental study of the turbulent structure on the centre-line of a two-dimensional impinging jet. The mean velocity, turbulent stresses, triple velocity products and temporal derivatives were measured and the energy balances for the three fluctuating components were calculated. The results indicate a selective stretching of vortices in the direction in which the streamlines spread near the wall, causing anisotropy in this region. The distribution of energy among various frequencies was found from spectral measurements. These measurements revealed the existence of a neutral frequency above which the energy was attenuated by viscous dissipation and below which it was augmented by a vortex-stretching mechanism.


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