Comparison of the Efficacy of Matrix Therapy, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, and Cognitive Rehabilitation in Attention Bias Modification and Craving Reduction in Stimulant Drug Users

Introduction: Previous studies have shown that Matrix, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and cognitive modification treatments could lead to numerous psychological improvements in patients suffering from substance use disorders. Previous research has shown that other therapeutic interventions could be useful in managing stimulant abuse in addition to Matrix treatment The present study aimed at comparison of the effectiveness of matrix therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation and cognitive rehabilitation treatments in attention bias modification and craving reduction in amphetamine drug users. Methods: This study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and three-month follow-up. Forty subjects taking amphetamine were selected by convenient sampling method and were randomly divided into three groups, including the matrix therapy, cognitive rehabilitation and rTMS as intervention groups and control groups (10 subjects in each group). The matrix group received 24 treatment sessions, 3 sessions per week and cognitive rehabilitation group recivied 15 treatment sessions (3 sessions per week). The group with rTMS treatment participated in a total of 10 sessions every other day. Questionnaires and dot-Probe tasks were performed as the cognitive software before and after the therapeutic interventions and one month after the interventions as a follow-up test. Results: The results showed that the effect of time on craving assessment in three stages was significant in all the study's four groups. In the experimental groups of Matrix, rTMS, and cognitive rehabilitation, the effect of time on the severity of addiction dependence and attentional bias was significantly different in three stages. In the control group, the effect of time in three stages of assessment of addiction severity and attention bias was not significant. Also, there was a significant decrease in the mean of craving in Matrix, rTMS, and cognitive rehabilitation groups from pre-treatment to post-treatment and from pre-treatment to follow-up stages. The mean addiction severity was significantly decreased from pre-treatment to post-treatment and from pre-treatment to follow-up stage in the Matrix, rTMS, and cognitive rehabilitation groups. Conclusion: The current study's findings indicated that all three interventions effectively reduced amphetamine craving and attentional bias. All three approaches produced positive therapeutic outcomes.

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A 3-Month, Follow-up, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Depression

Yearbook of Psychiatry and Applied Mental Health ◽

10.1016/s0084-3970(08)70189-0 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 2006 ◽

pp. 193-194

Author(s):

J.C. Ballenger

Keyword(s):

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Controlled Study

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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Cognition, and Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview

Behavioural Neurology ◽

10.1155/2018/8584653 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Grigorios Nasios ◽

Lambros Messinis ◽

Efthimios Dardiotis ◽

Panagiotis Papathanasopoulos

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Functional Connectivity ◽

Cognitive Rehabilitation ◽

Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Cognitively Impaired ◽

Functional Reorganization ◽

Brain Volume Loss ◽

Potential Therapeutic Role

Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects cognition in the majority of patients. A major aspect of the disease is brain volume loss (BVL), present in all phases and types (relapsing and progressive) of the disease and linked to both motor and cognitive disabilities. Due to the lack of effective pharmacological treatments for cognition, cognitive rehabilitation and other nonpharmacological interventions such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) have recently emerged and their potential role in functional connectivity is studied. With recently developed advanced neuroimaging and neurophysiological techniques, changes related to alterations of the brain’s functional connectivity can be detected. In this overview, we focus on the brain’s functional reorganization in MS, theoretical and practical aspects of rTMS utilization in humans, and its potential therapeutic role in treating cognitively impaired MS patients.

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THO21 The utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with multiple sclerosis

Clinical Neurophysiology ◽

10.1016/s1388-2457(08)60126-1 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 119 ◽

pp. S33

Author(s):

Nilufer Kale ◽

Jale Agaoglu

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Magnetic Stimulation

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A 6-month follow-up study on response and relapse rates following an acute trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with major depression

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852920001807 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Chiara Arici ◽

Beatrice Benatti ◽

Rita Cafaro ◽

Laura Cremaschi ◽

Luca Degoni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Major Depression ◽

Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽

High Rate ◽

Late Response ◽

Young Mania ◽

Relapse Rates

Abstract Background Little is known about the post-acute effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in patients with major depression. The present study focused on the 6-month follow-up of a sample of patients with major depression, after the completion of an acute 4 weeks rTMS trial, with the aim of evaluating response (in terms of sustained and late response) and relapse rates. Methods Following the completion of an acute trial of rTMS (T0-T4), 31 drug-resistant depressed patients (bipolar or unipolar) entered a naturalistic follow-up period of 6 months, with three timepoints (T5, T6, and T7) during which they were assessed with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Young Mania Rating Scale. Results Results showed that in the 6 months following an acute transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) trial, a higher rate of late responders was observed among previously acute TMS nonresponders (63.64%, 7 out of 11) compared to the rate of relapse among those who had acutely responded to TMS (10%, 2 out of 20). In addition, an overall high rate of maintained response (90%) was observed. Conclusion Present findings seem to support the possibility of obtaining a clinical response also after the end of an acute TMS trial in patients with major depression. The concomitant low rate of relapse observed at the end of follow-up along with a high rate of maintained response provides further support to the post-acute efficacy of TMS. Nonetheless, further controlled studies, with larger samples and longer follow-up observation, are needed to confirm the reported results.

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CORTICAL EXCITABILITY AND REFRACTORY EPILEPSY: A THREE-YEAR LONGITUDINAL TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION STUDY

International Journal of Neural Systems ◽

10.1142/s012906571250030x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 23 (01) ◽

pp. 1250030 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

RADWA A. B. BADAWY ◽

GRAEME D. JACKSON ◽

SAMUEL F. BERKOVIC ◽

RICHARD A. L. MACDONELL

Keyword(s):

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Refractory Epilepsy ◽

Cortical Excitability ◽

Focal Epilepsy ◽

Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy ◽

Generalized Epilepsy ◽

Effective Medication ◽

Over Time

Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to study the effect of recurrent seizures on cortical excitability over time in epilepsy. 77 patients with firm diagnoses of idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) or focal epilepsy were repeatedly evaluated over three years. At onset, all groups had increased cortical excitability. At the end of follow-up the refractory group was associated with a broad increase in cortical excitability. Conversely, cortical excitability decreased in all seizure free groups after introduction of an effective medication.

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