Super-Resolution Microscopy in Studying the Structure and Function of the Cell Nucleus

Acta Naturae ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 42-51
Author(s):  
S. S. Ryabichko ◽  
◽  
A. N. Ibragimov ◽  
L. A. Lebedeva ◽  
E. N. Kozlov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Nucleus ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Super Resolution Microscopy

Super-Resolution Microscopy in Studying the Structure and Function of the Cell Nucleus

Acta Naturae ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 42-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Ryabichko ◽  
◽  
A. N. Ibragimov ◽  
L. A. Lebedeva ◽  
E. N. Kozlov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Nucleus ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Super Resolution Microscopy

scholarly journals Super-Resolution Microscopy in Studying the Structure and Function of the Cell Nucleus

Acta Naturae ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 42-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Ryabichko ◽  
A. N. Ibragimov ◽  
L. A. Lebedeva ◽  
E. N. Kozlov ◽  
Yu. V. Shidlovskii
Keyword(s):  
Cell Nucleus ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
A Cell ◽  
And Function ◽  
Super Resolution Microscopy

In recent decades, novel microscopic methods commonly referred to as super- resolution microscopy have been developed. These methods enable the visualization of a cell with a resolution of up to 10 nm. The application of these methods is of great interest in studying the structure and function of the cell nucleus. The review describes the main achievements in this field.

scholarly journals Microscope-AOtools: A generalised adaptive optics implementation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Hall ◽  
Josh Titlow ◽  
Martin J. Booth ◽  
Ian M. Dobbie
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Adaptive Optics ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Biological Imaging ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Reduce Image Quality ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Function ◽  
Microscopy Techniques ◽  
Super Resolution Microscopy

AbstractMicroscope-AOtools is a software package which allows for a simple, robust and generalised implementation of adaptive optics (AO) elements. It contains all the necessary methods for set-up, calibration, and aberration correction which are simple to use and function in a robust manner. Aberrations arising from sources such as sample hetero-geneity and refractive index mismatches are constant problems in biological imaging. These aberrations reduce image quality and the achievable depth of imaging, particularly in super-resolution microscopy techniques. AO technology has been proven to be effective in correcting for these aberrations and thereby improving the image quality. However, it has not been widely adopted by the biological imaging community due, in part, to difficulty in set-up and operation of AO, particularly by non-specialist users. Microscope-AOtools offers a robust, easy-to-use implementation of the essential methods for set-up and use of AO techniques. These methods are constructed in a generalised manner that can utilise a range of adaptive optics elements, wavefront sensing techniques and sensorless AO correction methods. Furthermore, the methods are designed to be easily extensible as new techniques arise, leading to a streamlined pipeline for new AO technology and techniques to be adopted by the wider microscopy community.

scholarly journals Tales from topographic oceans: topologically associated domains and cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. R611-R626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moray J Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Cell Nucleus ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Chromatin Interactions ◽  
Sharp Focus ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Topologically Associated Domains ◽  
Altered Regulation ◽  
And Function

The 3D organization of the genome within the cell nucleus has come into sharp focus over the last decade. This has largely arisen because of the application of genomic approaches that have revealed numerous levels of genomic and chromatin interactions, including topologically associated domains (TADs). The current review examines how these domains were identified, are organized, how their boundaries arise and are regulated, and how genes within TADs are coordinately regulated. There are many examples of the disruption to TAD structure in cancer and the altered regulation, structure and function of TADs are discussed in the context of hormone responsive cancers, including breast, prostate and ovarian cancer. Finally, some aspects of the statistical insight and computational skills required to interrogate TAD organization are considered and future directions discussed.

scholarly journals Seeing and believing: recent advances in imaging cell-cell interactions

F1000Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alpha S. Yap ◽  
Magdalene Michael ◽  
Robert G. Parton
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Cell Junctions ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Cell Contacts ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cell Cell

Advances in cell and developmental biology have often been closely linked to advances in our ability to visualize structure and function at many length and time scales. In this review, we discuss how new imaging technologies and new reagents have provided novel insights into the biology of cadherin-based cell-cell junctions. We focus on three developments: the application of super-resolution optical technologies to characterize the nanoscale organization of cadherins at cell-cell contacts, new approaches to interrogate the mechanical forces that act upon junctions, and advances in electron microscopy which have the potential to transform our understanding of cell-cell junctions.

scholarly journals Periodic actin structures in neuronal axons are required to maintain microtubules

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Qu ◽  
Ines Hahn ◽  
Stephen Webb ◽  
Simon P. Pearce ◽  
Andreas Prokop
Keyword(s):  
Super Resolution ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Membrane Skeleton ◽  
Cortical Actin ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Neuronal Processes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Super Resolution Microscopy ◽  
Actin Rings

SummaryAxons are the cable-like neuronal processes wiring the nervous system. They contain parallel bundles of microtubules as structural backbones, surrounded by regularly-spaced actin rings termed the periodic membrane skeleton (PMS). Despite being an evolutionarily-conserved, ubiquitous, highly-ordered feature of axons, the function of PMS is unknown. Here we studied PMS abundance, organisation and function, combining versatile Drosophila genetics with super-resolution microscopy and various functional readouts. Analyses with 11 different actin regulators and 3 actin-targeting drugs suggest PMS to contain short actin filaments which are depolymerisation resistant and sensitive to spectrin, adducin and nucleator deficiency - consistent with microscopy-derived models proposing PMS as specialised cortical actin. Upon actin removal we observed gaps in microtubule bundles, reduced microtubule polymerisation and reduced axon numbers suggesting a role of PMS in microtubule organisation. These effects become strongly enhanced when carried out in neurons lacking the microtubule-stabilising protein Short stop (Shot). Combining the aforementioned actin manipulations with Shot deficiency revealed a close correlation between PMS abundance and microtubule regulation, consistent with a model in which PMS-dependent microtubule polymerisation contributes to their maintenance in axons. We discuss potential implications of this novel PMS function along axon shafts for axon maintenance and regeneration.Significance statementAxons are cable-like neuronal processes that are up to a meter long in humans. These delicate structures often need to be maintained for an organism’s lifetime, i.e. up to a century in humans. Unsurprisingly, we gradually lose about 50% of axons as we age. Bundles of microtubules form the structural backbones and highways for life-sustaining transport within axons, and maintenance of these bundles is essential for axonal longevity. However, the mechanisms which actively maintain axonal microtubules are poorly understood. Here we identify cortical actin as an important factor maintaining microtubule polymerisation in axons. This finding provides potential explanations for the previously identified, but unexplained, links between mutations in genes encoding cortical actin regulators and neurodegeneration.

Tools and limitations to study the molecular composition of synapses by fluorescence microscopy

2016 ◽  
Vol 473 (20) ◽  
pp. 3385-3399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Maidorn ◽  
Silvio O. Rizzoli ◽  
Felipe Opazo
Keyword(s):  
Super Resolution ◽  
Molecular Composition ◽  
Synaptic Organization ◽  
Synaptic Physiology ◽  
Copy Numbers ◽  
Resolution Imaging ◽  
And Function ◽  
Microscopy Techniques ◽  
Super Resolution Microscopy ◽  
Affinity Probes

The synapse is densely packed with proteins involved in various highly regulated processes. Synaptic protein copy numbers and their stoichiometric distribution have a drastic influence on neuronal integrity and function. Therefore, the molecular analysis of synapses is a key element to understand their architecture and function. The overall structure of the synapse has been revealed with an exquisite amount of details by electron microscopy. However, the molecular composition and the localization of proteins are more easily addressed with fluorescence imaging, especially with the improved resolution achieved by super-resolution microscopy techniques. Notably, the fast improvement of imaging instruments has not been reflected in the optimization of biological sample preparation. During recent years, large efforts have been made to generate affinity probes smaller than conventional antibodies adapted for fluorescent super-resolution imaging. In this review, we briefly discuss the current views on synaptic organization and necessary key technologies to progress in the understanding of synaptic physiology. We also highlight the challenges faced by current fluorescent super-resolution methods, and we describe the prerequisites for an ideal study of synaptic organization.

Protein clustering and spatial organization in T-cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Shannon ◽  
Garth Burn ◽  
Andrew Cope ◽  
Georgina Cornish ◽  
Dylan M. Owen
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Single Molecule Level ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Resolution Analysis ◽  
And Function ◽  
Super Resolution Microscopy

T-cell protein microclusters have until recently been investigable only as microscale entities with their composition and structure being discerned by biochemistry or diffraction-limited light microscopy. With the advent of super resolution microscopy comes the ability to interrogate the structure and function of these clusters at the single molecule level by producing highly accurate pointillist maps of single molecule locations at ~20nm resolution. Analysis tools have also been developed to provide rich descriptors of the pointillist data, allowing us to pose questions about the nanoscale organization which governs the local and cell wide responses required of a migratory T-cell.

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