Commonwealth of Independent States: The First 20 Years

2011 ◽  
pp. 90-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Shumsky
Keyword(s):  
Commonwealth Of Independent States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Further Development

The article assesses the effectiveness and outcomes of cooperation of the Commonwealth participating states over the past 20 years. It reviews perspectives and directions for further development of the CIS taking into account the conditions and characteristics of integration processes of the post-Soviet states, implementation of the principles of multilevel and multispeed integration of the Commonwealth participating states.

The challenges of OSCE electoral assistance in the former Soviet Union

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Bader
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Commonwealth Of Independent States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Independent States

AbstractElectoral assistance by the OSCE in the undemocratic states of the post-Soviet area is faced with a number of serious challenges: there has been no improvement in the quality of elections over the past decade; recommendations by the OSCE to improve electoral legislation are routinely disregarded in most countries; and, within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the undemocratic countries have stepped up a range of alternative electoral assistance activities that replicate and in large part contradict comparable OSCE efforts. This article discusses these three challenges and considers possible changes to the practice of OSCE electoral assistance that may contribute to its continued relevance and effectiveness.

scholarly journals Characteristics of imported malaria in the Astrakhan region

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-89
Author(s):  
R S Arakelyan ◽  
H M Galimzyanov ◽  
E D Hasanova ◽  
L N Noskov ◽  
G L Shendo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Imported Malaria ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Residence Permit ◽  
Commonwealth Of Independent States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
The City

Epidemiological situation of imported malaria in the Astrakhan region for 2000-2016 is characterized. It is established that during this period, 90 cases of malaria were registered in the Astrakhan region, including 70 (77,8%) cases of imported malaria. Imported malaria was registered in both adults and children (53 (75,7%) and 17 (24,3%) cases, respectively). 65,7% of cases of imported malaria in the Astrakhan region falls on the urban area. Most cases (25,6%) of cases of malaria were registered in persons living in the Leninsky district, 2 times less often - in the Soviet and Kirov districts (17,1 and 15,7%, respectively) and in 1 (1,4%) cases - from the city of Astrakhan, who lived in the Trusovsky District. In rural areas of the Astrakhan region, imported malaria was recorded in 34,3% of cases, 10% in Narimanov, Krasnoyarsk -8,6%, Akhtuba - 5.7%, Kharabalin - 4,3%, Chernoyarsk - 2,9% , Liman and Kamyzyzk regions - 1,4% each. In 2 (2,9%) cases, imported malaria was registered in persons who do not have a permanent residence permit in Astrakhan and who are passing through it. Cases of imported malaria were recorded from January to October. Most often, 58 (82,9%) cases were recorded in the spring-summer period from April to August. In other months malaria cases were noted, but in rare and isolated cases: March and September - by 5,7%, October - 2,9%, January and February - 1,4%. In 92,9% of cases, the import of malaria to the Astrakhan region was carried out from the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States in 7,1% of cases - from Africa. Thus, from countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, in 50% of cases malaria was imported from Azerbaijan, in 37,2% - from Tajikistan. In isolated cases (2,9%), malaria was imported from Armenia and Uzbekistan. In general, in the territory of the Astrakhan region over the past 10 years, there has been a reduction in imported cases of malaria from the Commonwealth and the African contingent. In most cases, cases of three-day malaria were registered on the territory of the Astrakhan region. The importation of malaria into the Astrakhan region was mainly carried out from countries that were not well-off for malaria - Azerbaijan, Tajikistan and Africa.

Perceived Burden of Informal Caregivers of a Chronically Ill Older Family Member

GeroPsych ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elmar Gräßel ◽  
Raffaela Adabbo
Keyword(s):  
Family Member ◽  
Informal Caregiver ◽  
Chronically Ill ◽  
Stress Model ◽  
The Past ◽  
Perceived Burden ◽  
Hypothetical Construct ◽  
Care Situation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development

The burden of caregivers has been intensively researched for the past 30 years and has resulted in a multitude of individual findings. This review illustrates the significance of the hypothetical construct of perceived burden for the further development and design of the homecare situation. Following explanations regarding the term informal caregiver, we derive the construct burden from its conceptual association with the transactional stress model of Lazarus and Folkman. Once the extent and characteristics of burden have been set forth, we then present the impact of perceived burden as the care situation. The question of predictors of burden will lead into the last section from which implications can be derived for homecare and relief of caregivers.

Russian Citizens' Representations of the Country's Position in the Geopolitical Space of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Europe, and the World

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-251
Author(s):  
Victor F. Petrenko ◽  
Olga V. Mitina ◽  
Kirill A. Bertnikov
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Multidimensional Space ◽  
Commonwealth Of Independent States ◽  
Repertory Grids ◽  
Implicit Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Invariant Factors

The aim of this research was the reconstruction of the system of categories through which Russians perceive the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Europe, and the world as a whole; to study the implicit model of the geopolitical space; to analyze the stereotypes in the perception of different countries and the superposition of mental geopolitical representations onto the geographic map. The techniques of psychosemantics by Petrenko, originating in the semantic differential of Osgood and Kelly's “repertory grids,” were used as working tools. Multidimensional semantic spaces act as operational models of the structures of consciousness, and the positions of countries in multidimensional space reflect the geopolitical stereotypes of respondents about these countries. Because of the transformation of geopolitical reality representations in mass consciousness, the commonly used classification of countries as socialist, capitalist, and developing is being replaced by other structures. Four invariant factors of the countries' descriptions were identified. They are connected with Economic and Political Well-being, Military Might, Friendliness toward Russia, and Spirituality and the Level of Culture. It seems that the structure has not been explained in adequate detail and is not clearly realized by the individuals. There is an interrelationship between the democratic political structure of a country and its prosperity in the political mentality of Russian respondents. Russian public consciousness painfully strives for a new geopolitical identity and place in the commonwealth of states. It also signifies the country's interest and orientation toward the East in the search for geopolitical partners. The construct system of geopolitical perception also depends on the region of perception.

CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL EXPERIENCE OF INTERACTION OF BICAMERAL PARLIAMENTS OF THE CIS COUNTRIES IN THE SPHERE OF FOOD SECURITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
MARINA MARKHGEYM ◽  
◽  
ANNA BEZUGLAYA
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Security Analysis ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Commonwealth Of Independent States ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Cis Countries

The article presents the author’s analysis of constitutional texts, regulations and analytical materials of the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States in order to consolidate in them the consolidated powers of the chambers of parliaments associated with the implementation of food security. Analysis of legal acts of the studied group of states showed that the sphere of food security (as part of the agrarian and food sphere/function) is one of the eventual spheres of interaction between the chambers of parliament. In the course of the study, two approaches of states to the formalization of provisions related to food security in constitutional texts were identified. The first approach is to consolidate norms that indirectly affect the field of food security (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia); the second - in the absence of such provisions (Tajikistan and Uzbekistan). It has been established that the interaction of the chambers of parliaments in the field of food security is implemented through the adoption of laws, as well as through various parliamentary events (parliamentary hearings, round tables, seminars, meetings, etc.). It is concluded that the available options for interaction between the chambers of parliaments of states in the field of food security reflect their independent approaches, which are developed on the basis of legal doctrine and practice.

The scientific-practical seminar «The problems for syntaxonomy: the vegetation higher units of Russia and countries-members of the Commonwealth of Independent States» (Ufa, 25-26 October 2007)

2008 ◽  
pp. 147-149
Author(s):  
V. B. Martynenko ◽  
S. M. Yamalov
Keyword(s):  
70Th Anniversary ◽  
Commonwealth Of Independent States ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Relevant Topic ◽  
Scientific Practical ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The seminar differed from other scientific forums for two reasons. First, he was dedicated to the 70th anniversary of corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences RB, Dr. sci., Professor Boris Mikhailovich Mirkin is one of the key figures in the Russian development of syntaxonomy. Secondly, in this regard was identified relevant topic for discussion — the highest units of syntaxonomy of vegetation of Russia.

Recognition Pattern, Functional Mechanism and Application of Chitin and Chitosan Oligosaccharides in Sustainable Agriculture

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (29) ◽  
pp. 3508-3521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaochen Jia ◽  
Mijanur R. Rajib ◽  
Heng Yin
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
The Past ◽  
Chitosan Oligosaccharides ◽  
Recognition Pattern ◽  
Functional Mechanism ◽  
Chitin And Chitosan ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Further Development

Background: Application of chitin attracts much attention in the past decades as the second abundant polysaccharides in the world after cellulose. Chitin oligosaccharides (CTOS) and its deacetylated derivative chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) were shown great potentiality in agriculture by enhancing plant resistance to abiotic or biotic stresses, promoting plant growth and yield, improving fruits quality and storage, etc. Those applications have already served huge economic and social benefits for many years. However, the recognition mode and functional mechanism of CTOS and COS on plants have gradually revealed just in recent years. Objective: Recognition pattern and functional mechanism of CTOS and COS in plant together with application status of COS in agricultural production will be well described in this review. By which we wish to promote further development and application of CTOS and COS–related products in the field.

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