Crop responses and management strategies under shade and drought stress

Mechanisms used by plants to respond to water limitation have been extensively studied. However, even though the inoculation of beneficial microbes has been shown to improve plant performance under drought stress, the inherent role of soil microbes on plant response has been less considered. In the present work, we assessed the importance of the soil microbiome for the growth of barley plants under drought stress. Plant growth was not significantly affected by the disturbance of the soil microbiome under regular watering. However, after drought stress, we observed a significant reduction in plant biomass, particularly of the root system. Plants grown in the soil with disturbed microbiome were significantly more affected by drought and did not recover two weeks after re-watering. These effects were accompanied by changes in the composition of endophytic fungal and bacterial communities. Under natural conditions, soil-derived plant endophytes were major colonizers of plant roots, such as Glycomyces and Fusarium, whereas, for plants grown in the soil with disturbed microbiome seed-born bacterial endophytes, e.g., Pantoea, Erwinia, and unclassified Pseudomonaceae and fungal genera normally associated with pathogenesis, such as Gibberella and Gaeumannomyces were observed. Therefore, the role of the composition of the indigenous soil microbiota should be considered in future approaches to develop management strategies to make plants more resistant towards abiotic stress, such as drought.

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MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR DROUGHT PRONE RAINFED LOWLAND RICE IN ASIA: A REVIEW

Reviews In Food And Agriculture ◽

10.26480/rfna.02.2020.82.84 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 82-84

Author(s):

Gaurab Neupane ◽

Avish Dhakal ◽

Kalyan Bhattarai ◽

Pradeep Kumar Teli

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Nutrient Management ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Management Options ◽

Water Losses ◽

Rice Area ◽

Rainfed Lowland ◽

Moderate Drought

The rice-based rainfed lowland system in Asia covers about 45 million hectares which is almost 30% of the total rice area worldwide. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the main crop in this system and grown in bunded fields that are flooded for at least part of the season. Altogether, drought stress is the most important limitation to production in rainfed lowlands and is estimated to affect frequently about 19 to 23 million hectares resulting the reduced yield and hunger problems. In addition, drought-prone environments are often simultaneously affected by other abiotic stresses like submergence, adverse soil conditions, pests and weeds. In turn two main management strategies for drought stress alleviation in rice can be distinguished. The first strategy is based on management options which allow to escape drought by either avoiding severe dry periods or by providing access to additional water resources. The second strategy is to moderate drought by reducing unproductive water losses and thereby “saving” water for productive transpiration. Within both strategies there are several management options which offer considerable scope for improvement of drought-prone rainfed lowlands, however, direct seeding and improved nutrient management are probably the most widely applicable options. “Aeroabic rice” a new system of rice cultivation still under development and is thought to have potential to adopt in specific target environments within the rainfed lowlands of Asia.

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Farmers’ perceptions of navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production constraints, preferred traits, farming systems and their implications on bean breeding: A case study from South East Lowveld region of Zimbabwe

10.21203/rs.3.rs-116798/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bruce Mutari ◽

Julia Sibiya ◽

Eileen Bongweh Nchanji ◽

Kennedy Simango ◽

Edmore Gasura

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Drought Stress ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Farming Systems ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Navy Bean ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Producer Price ◽

Production Constraints ◽

Legume Crop

Abstract Background: Navy bean is an important legume crop in Zimbabwe. Its production is limited by multiple constraints including biotic, abiotic and socio-economic. However, in the major navy bean-production regions of Zimbabwe, there is no recent study documenting biotic stress management strategies, farmers’ perceived production, and marketing constraints, and cultivar trait preferences. Thus, this study aimed at identifying farmers’ production constraints, preferred traits and cultivars of navy bean, and strategies used to mitigate some of these constraints.Methods: A Participatory Rural Appraisal approach involving transect walks, focus group discussions (FGDs), and formal surveys with semi-structured questionnaires was conducted in four villages of the Lowveld region of Zimbabwe. In each of the four villages, two FGDs (one for men and one for women) were conducted. A total of 176 (75 males and 101 females) navy bean growing households were interviewed. Data from household interviews and FGDs was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists computer package.Results: The most important constraints to navy bean production were drought stress (Females – 86 %, Males – 73 %), heat stress (Females – 58 %, Males – 55 %), power outages (Females – 46 %, Males – 54 %), poor soil fertility (Females – 32 %; Males – 33 %) and susceptibility to pod shattering (Females – 32 %, Males – 43 %). Mitigation strategies included mulching (18 %), ridges (12 %), reduced acreage (11 %), and cultivating to retain more soil moisture (11 %) for drought stress, while irrigating at night (32 %), and adjusting planting dates (29 %) were used to manage heat stress. Farmer-preferred traits included tolerance to drought and heat, early maturing varieties and disease resistance. Marketing constraints included non-payment for produce in hard currency, lack of diversity in terms of off-takers, high inflation, low grain producer price, delayed payment and breach of contract by contractors. Conclusion: There will be increased adoption of improved navy bean cultivars if breeding programs address the aforementioned constraints and consider farmer-preferred traits when developing new cultivars. Breeders should work closely with extension officers to ensure that cultivars released are cultivated with appropriate agronomic packages for increased productivity and high adoption.

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Drought Stress in Brassica napus: Effects, Tolerance Mechanisms, and Management Strategies

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation ◽

10.1007/s00344-021-10542-9 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Maria Batool ◽

Ali Mahmoud El-Badri ◽

Muhammad Umair Hassan ◽

Yang Haiyun ◽

Wang Chunyun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Brassica Napus ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Tolerance Mechanisms

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High Recovery of Saplings after Severe Drought in Temperate Deciduous Forests

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11050546 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 546 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mirela Beloiu ◽

Reinhold Stahlmann ◽

Carl Beierkuhnlein

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Species Diversity ◽

Tree Species ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Field Measurements ◽

Species Interaction ◽

Severe Drought ◽

Crown Defoliation ◽

Species Specific ◽

The Impact

Drought episodes are predicted to increase their intensity and frequency globally, which will have a particular impact on forest vitality, productivity, and species distribution. However, the impact of tree species interaction on forest vulnerability to drought is not yet clear. This study aims to assess how deciduous saplings react to drought and whether tree species diversity can buffer the impact of drought stress on tree saplings. Based on field measurements of crown defoliation and species diversity, vulnerability, drought recovery, and species interaction were analyzed. Fieldwork was carried out in Central Eastern Germany in 2018 during the vegetation season and repeated in 2019. Ten random saplings were measured in each of the 218 plots (15 × 15 m) with 2051 saplings in total out of 41 tree species. We found that 65% of the saplings experienced defoliation during the drought of 2018, of which up to 13% showed complete defoliation. At the species level, Fagus sylvatica L. and Betula pendula Roth. saplings were less affected (<55%), whereas Carpinus betulus L., Sorbus aucuparia L., and Frangula alnus Mill. saplings were the most affected (≥85%). One year later, in 2019, C. betulus and S. aucuparia had a faster recovery rate than F. sylvatica, B. pendula, Quercus spp., and Crataegus spp. (p < 0.001). Furthermore, we showed that forest stands with high sapling species diversity had a reduced vitality under drought stress (p < 0.001), indicating a higher competition for resources. The study provides evidence that F. sylvatica saplings can withstand and survive to persistent drought. Species-specific responses to drought are essential to be considered for implementing adaptive forest management strategies to mitigate the impact of climate change.

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Effects and management strategies to mitigate drought stress in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.): a review

Zemdirbyste-Agriculture ◽

10.13080/z-a.2017.104.012 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 104 (1) ◽

pp. 85-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Muhammad Aown Sammar Raza ◽

Abdul Manan Shahid ◽

Muhammad Farrukh Saleem ◽

Imran Haider Khan ◽

Salman Ahmad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Brassica Napus ◽

Oilseed Rape ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Brassica Napus L

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Drought Stress and Its Mitigation and Management Strategies in Crop Plants

Sustainable Agriculture in the Era of Climate Change ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-45669-6_6 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 143-168

Author(s):

Avinash Chandra Rai ◽

Krishna Kumar Rai

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Crop Plants

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Legumes under Drought Stress: Plant Responses, Adaptive Mechanisms, and Management Strategies in Relation to Nitrogen Fixation

10.1201/9781003160717-9 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 179-207

Author(s):

Mohammad Sohidul Islam ◽

Shah Fahad ◽

Akbar Hossain ◽

M Kaium Chowdhury ◽

Muhammad Aamir Iqbal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fixation ◽

Drought Stress ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Plant Responses ◽

Adaptive Mechanisms

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Effects of Water Stress on Botryosphaeria Blight of Pistachio Caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2001.85.7.745 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 85 (7) ◽

pp. 745-749 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Zhonghua Ma ◽

David P. Morgan ◽

Themis J. Michailides

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Drought Stress ◽

Spore Germination ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Germ Tube ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽

Predisposing Factor ◽

Germ Tube Elongation ◽

Pistachio Trees

The effects of water potential (Ψ) on spore germination, germ tube elongation, mycelial growth of Botryosphaeria dothidea, and development of Botryosphaeria blight of pistachio caused by this fungus were studied in the laboratory and greenhouse. In laboratory tests, spore germination, germ tube elongation, and mycelial growth of B. dothidea increased as Ψ decreased from 0 to -2.0 MPa and declined as Ψ decreased below -2.0 MPa. Water stress (Ψ < -0.260 MPa) increased the severity of Botryosphaeria blight on young detached pistachio leaves. In greenhouse inoculation experiments, drought-stressed 2-year-old pistachio trees (leaf Ψ < -0.635 MPa) developed more severe Botryosphaeria blight disease than the nonstressed trees (Ψ > -0.485 MPa) in both 1999 and 2000 experiments. In a similar experiment using 1-year-old potted pistachio trees in 2000, withholding water treatments did not cause enough drought stress in pistachio leaves (Ψ > -0.584 MPa) and did not result in higher disease than the nonstressed trees (Ψ = -0.466 MPa). The correlation coefficient between Ψ and disease index for 1999 experiments was 0.954, and for 2000 experiments I and II was 0.981 and 0.939, respectively. These results indicate that drought stress can be a major predisposing factor of pistachio to infection by B. dothidea. Results from this study can be used to better understand the disease outbreaks in California pistachio orchards and to develop integrated management strategies by adjusting irrigation.

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Farmers’ Perceptions of Navy Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Production Constraints, Preferred Traits, Farming Systems and Their Implications on Bean Breeding: A Case Study from South East Lowveld Region of Zimbabwe

10.21203/rs.3.rs-116798/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Bruce Mutari ◽

Julia Sibiya ◽

Eileen Bongweh Nchanji ◽

Kennedy Simango ◽

Edmore Gasura

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Drought Stress ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Farming Systems ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Navy Bean ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Producer Price ◽

Production Constraints ◽

Legume Crop

Abstract Background: Navy bean is an important legume crop in Zimbabwe. Its production is limited by multiple constraints including biotic, abiotic and socio-economic. However, there is no documented participatory research on production status, biotic stress management strategies, farmers’ perceived production, and marketing constraints, and cultivar trait preferences among the major navy bean growing regions. Thus, this study aimed at identifying farmers’ production constraints, preferred traits and cultivars of navy bean, and strategies used to mitigate some of these constraints.Methods: A Participatory Rural Appraisal approach involving transect walks, focus group discussions (FGDs), and formal surveys with semi-structured questionnaires was conducted in four villages of the Lowveld region of Zimbabwe. In each of the four villages, two FGDs (one for men and one for women) were conducted. A total of 176 (75 males and 101 females) navy bean growing households were interviewed. Data from household interviews and FGDs was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists computer package.Results: The most important constraints to navy bean production were drought stress (Females – 86 %, Males – 73 %), heat stress (Females – 58 %, Males – 55 %), load shedding (Females – 46 %, Males – 54 %), poor soil fertility (Females – 32 %; Males – 33 %) and susceptibility to pod shattering (Females – 32 %, Males – 43 %). Mitigation strategies included mulching (18 %), ridges (12 %), reduced acreage (11 %), and cultivating to retain more soil moisture (11 %) for drought stress, while irrigating at night (32 %), and adjusting planting dates (29 %) were used to manage heat stress. Farmer-preferred traits included tolerance to drought and heat, early maturing varieties and disease resistance. Marketing constraints included non-payment for produce in hard currency, lack of diversity in terms of off-takers, high inflation, low grain producer price, delayed payment and breach of contract by contractors. Conclusion: There will be increased adoption of improved navy bean cultivars if breeding programs address the aforementioned constraints and consider farmer-preferred traits when developing new cultivars. Breeders should work closely with extension officers to ensure that cultivars released are cultivated with appropriate agronomic packages for increased productivity and high adoption.

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