scholarly journals How to use total dissolved solids measurements to evaluate the performance of diffuser washers—A mill study

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 187-194
Author(s):  
RIKU KOPRA ◽  
ANNA PERSONEN ◽  
JARI KAYHKO ◽  
OLLI DAHL
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Process Parameter ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Washing Efficiency ◽  
Displacement Washing

Various types of pulp washing equipment are available. Each washing device has a unique mechani-cal construction, and the washing principle is often a combination of dilution, thickening, and displacement washing. In this work, the performance of the pressure diffuser washer is studied. In stepwise trials, the effect of the feed and discharge consistencies on the performance of the diffuser was stud-ied. The effect of the downward velocity of the screen on the pressure diffuser’s washing efficiency was also stud-ied. The measurement of total dissolved solids (TDS) by a process refractometer was used as a wash loss measure-ment unit and the refractometer’s results were used in the calculations of standardized Nordén efficiency (E10) values. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and conductivity values were also measured and their results com-pared to the TDS results. The results indicated that feed consistency has a significant effect on the performance and effectiveness of the diffuser washers in the mill. It can also be stated that when the downward velocity of the screen is adjusted to too high a level, the washing efficiency of the pressure diffuser decreases. As a conclusion from the mill tests, it can be stated that even small process parameter changes can provide enhanced diffuser washing at the beginning of the washing line, which has a direct effect on the performance of post-oxygen washing.

scholarly journals Water quality assessments and metagenomic analysis of the polluted river Apatlaco, Mexico

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luz Breton-Deval ◽  
Katy Juárez ◽  
Alejandro Sánchez-Flores ◽  
Rosario Vera-Estrella
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
The People ◽  
Nitrite Nitrate

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to analyze the water quality parameters and bacterial diversity and thereby understand the effect of water quality on the microbial population structure in the river. The following parameters: total coliforms, chemical oxygen demand, harness, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus, total dissolved solids, and temperature were analyzing along 17 sampling points in the river. The worst levels of pollution were 510 mg/L chemical oxygen demand, 7 mg/L nitrite, 45 mg/L nitrate, 2 mg/L dissolved oxygen, and 756 mg/L of total dissolved solids. Whole metagenome shotgun sequencing was performed at 4 key points along the river (P1,P7,P10 and P17), the first point had clean water and the other points were polluted, as a result of this pollution, the structure of microbial communities along the river have changed. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the most representative phyla with a relative abundance of 57 and 43% respectively for P1, 82 and 15% for P7, 69 and 27% for P10 and 87 and 10% for the last point P17. P1 is rich in microorganism such as Limnohabitans a planktonic bacterium very common in freshwater ecosystems. However, in P7, P10 and P17 are rich in opportunistic pathogens such as Acinetobacter Arcobacter and Myroides that endangers the health of around 1.6 million people which live around the area. These results elucidate the influence of the pollution on the microbial community and the likely effects on the health of the people around.

Pinch Technology Approach to Freshwater and Wastewater Minimisation in Brewing Operations

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 102-114
Author(s):  
Oludare Johnson Odejobi ◽  
Emmanuel Oluwasanmi Oyeleke ◽  
Funso Alaba Akeredolu
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Cascade Analysis ◽  
Pinch Technology ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand Concentration

The rise in the cost of production of beer due to increasing demand for freshwater and high cost of treating wastewater, motivate research interests in resource management in beer production. This study determines and reduces the concentration of the contaminants in the wastewater samples collected from a brewery in Nigeria, to reduce freshwater demand and to save the cost of operation through wastewater reuse using pinch technology. The wastewater samples were analysed for the concentration of Chemical Oxygen Demand using standard procedures. The Total Dissolved Solids were measured using pH-EC-TDS metre. Water Cascade Analysis was used to evaluate the minimum freshwater demand and wastewater generated to design the maximum wastewater recovery network for minimum freshwater demand in the process. The results showed that for 41.54 t/hr of both the freshwater and wastewater used in the brewery operations, the Chemical Oxygen Demand concentration ranged between 0 – 74,775 ppm and the Total Dissolved Solids concentration ranged from 0 – 2,008 ppm. However, with the application of Water Cascade Analysis, the freshwater and wastewater flow rates reduced to 19.88 t/hr based on Chemical Oxygen Demand concentration and 21.54 t/hr based on Total Dissolved Solids concentration. The freshwater saving per annum based on the concentrations of Chemical Oxygen Demand and Total Dissolved Solids were ₦346,560,000:00 ($962,666.67) and ₦319,840,000:00 ($888,444.44), respectively. The study concluded that the application of Pinch Technology to brewery operation is viable because of its capacity to reduce freshwater demand and wastewater generation.

Factors impacting chemical and microbiological quality of wash water during simulated dump tank wash of grape tomatoes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Zhou ◽  
Yaguang Luo ◽  
Zi Teng ◽  
Xiangwu Nou ◽  
Patricia Millner
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Quality Deterioration ◽  
Chlorine Demand ◽  
Water Quality Deterioration

Fresh and fresh-cut tomatoes are high in phytonutrients. But the illness outbreaks associated with contaminated tomatoes have significantly impacted public health and the industry’s economic well-being. Scientific information is critically needed to develop an effective, practical food safety standard to reduce pathogen contamination.  The aim of this study was to assess factors impacting the deterioration of tomato wash water quality and indigenous microorganisms during a simulated dump tank washing process. Freshly harvested grape tomatoes were sorted into four groups: prime, defective, under-ripened, and non-tomato debris. Tomatoes with leaf-stem harvest debris, combined or separately, were washed in tap water with or without free chlorine (FC). Water samples were analyzed for total dissolved solids, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, and chlorine demand. Microbial populations in water and on tomatoes as impacted by chlorine concentration and water filtration (300 µm) were also determined. Results showed that field debris and defective tomatoes were the major contributors to microbial counts in wash water. Field debris, although only accounting for <1% of the total weight of harvested material, contributed 37.84% of total dissolved solids, 46.15% of turbidity, 48.77% of chemical oxygen demand, and 50.55% of chlorine demand in the wash water. Water quality deterioration was proportional to the cumulative quantity of tomatoes and debris washed, and FC at 5 mg/L or higher significantly reduced the Enterobacteriaceae, aerobic mesophilic bacteria, and yeast and mold populations. This study underscores the importance to minimize the presence of field debris and defective fruits from harvested grape tomatoes in order to reduce the microbial load and wash water quality deterioration of water quality in post-harvest tomato washing. This information is beneficial to the development of data-driven harvesting and packinghouse food safety practices for grape tomatoes.

scholarly journals STUDI PENYEBARAN KONTAMINAN LOGAM BERAT TIMBAL (PB) DAN MERKURI (HG) DARI AIR LINDI TERHADAP AIR SUNGAI (STUDI KASUS TPA REGIONAL KOTA SOLOK)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 167-171
Author(s):  
Dian Pratiwi ◽  
Eka Rahmatul Aida
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Dissolved Solids

Tempat Pemrosesan Akhir Sampah (TPA) merupakan tempat untuk menampung pembuangan sampah dari berbagai lokasi, yang biasa cakupannya adalah satu kota. Penyingkiran dan pemusnahan sampah ke dalam tanah merupakan cara yang selalu digunakan, karena biaya relatif murah, pengoperasiannya mudah dan luwes dalam menerima limbah. Setiap TPA memiliki karakteristik air lindi yang berbeda tergantung dari proses yang terjadi di dalam landfill, yang meliputi proses fisika, kimia dan biologis. Umumnya lindi mengandung Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biology Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total dissolved solids (TDS), total organic carbont (TOC), senyawa nitrogen nitrogen dan berbagai jenis logam berat yang tinggi. Parameter pencemar yang di tinjau pada penelitian ini adalah timbal (Pb) dan Mercury (Hg). Untuk mengetahui penyebaran kontaminan, pada penelitian dilakukan permodelan matematis timbal (Pb) dan Mercury (Hg) dengan munggunakan model analitik 1-dimensi dan 2 dimensi berdasarkan persamaan adveksi dan dispersi pada air tanah dan air permukaan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di sungai sawah lansek yang merupakan badan air tempat mengalirnya lindi dari TPA regional kota solok. Konsentrasi timbal (Pb) dan Mercury (Hg) diukur pada 3 titik, dari hasil pengukuran tersebut diketahui bahwa sawah lansek memang tercemar oleh lindih TPA yang dilihat dari konsentrasi timbal (Pb) dan Mercury (Hg) yang sudah melebihi baku mutu. Simulasi dari timbal (Pb) dan Mercury (Hg) menunjukkan semakin lama waktu (t), input polutan yang konstan membuat beban kontaminan semakin besar. Akibatnya konsentrasi kontaminan pada t yang lebih besar akan mengalami penurunan yang lebih jauh. Hasil simulasi konsentrasi timbal  (Pb) dan merkuri (Hg) telah mencapai jarak ± 100 Meter dari TPA kontaminan terus menyebar seiring bertambahnya umur TPA, kontaminan timbal  (Pb) dan mercury (Hg) telah mencapai sungai Batang Lembang yang berjarak ± 2500 Meter dari TPA, dan mengalami penurunan pada jarak yang lebih jauh.

scholarly journals DECOLOURIZATION OF TRIPHENYLMETHANE DYES AND DYE INDUSTRY EFFLUENT BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATED FROM DYE CONTAMINATED SITE

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 258 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sandhiya ◽  
K. Sumaiya Begum ◽  
D. Charumathi
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Suspended Solids ◽  
Dye Decolorization ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
Dyeing Wastewater ◽  
Triphenylmethane Dyes ◽  
Dissolved Solids

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objectives of the present study were a) to isolate and screen bacteria for dye removal from synthetic solution b) to optimize various variables such as pH, static/shaking and initial dye concentration on degradation of triphenyl methane dyes namely basic violet 3 and basic green 4 by isolated <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> c) to analyse enzymes involved in the biodegradation of triphenylmethane dyes d) to treat real leather dyeing wastewater with newly isolated strain of <em>Staphylococcus aureus </em>e) to characterize untreated and treated leather dyeing wastewater f) to study the effects of real and treated effluent on plants and <em>Rhizobium</em>.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Isolation of bacteria from sludge was carried out by spread plate method and the bacteria was identified by morphological and biochemical characterization. The isolated bacterium was screened for dye decolorization potential of triphenylmethane dyes basic violet 3 and basic green 4 The effects of parameters were studied by varying pH (from 3 to 9), temperature (from 15-45 °C), and initial dye concentration (from 10-500 mg/l). The enzyme involved in biodegradation was studied in intracellular extract. Real leather dyeing wastewater was treated with the bacteria and characterized. The treated wastewater was tested on plants and <em>Rhizobium </em>for toxicity. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Dye decolorization potential of bacteria <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> isolated from wastewater for leather dyes basic violet 3 and basic green 4 were evaluated. Dye decolorization using bacteria was found to be dependent on physicochemical parameters (shaking, pH and initial dye concentration). Enzymes NADH-DCIP reductase and MG reductase were found to play dominant role during biodegradation of synthetic dyes. Application oriented studies using growing bacteria in pure cultures were carried out with leather dyeing wastewater collected from DKS prime tanners. Analysis of raw leather dyeing wastewater showed high pollution load in terms of color, Total solids, Total suspended solids, Total dissolved solids and Biological oxygen demand whereas the leather dyeing wastewater treated with pure culture of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> showed considerable decrease in Total solids, Total suspended solids, Total dissolved solids and Biological oxygen demand values which were within the permissible limits. Phytotoxicity and microbial toxicity studies confirmed the non-toxic nature of treated leather dyeing wastewater. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study proved that <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> can serve as a potential remediation agent for the treatment of leather dyeing wastewater.</p>

scholarly journals Uji Coba Proses Daur Ulang Limbah Cair ATC (Alkali Treated Cottonii) Dengan Teknik Koagulasi dan Filtrasi

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bakti Berlyanto Sedayu ◽  
Jamal Basmal ◽  
Diini Fithriani
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
Dissolved Solids

Industri pengolahan alkali treated cottonii (ATC) menghasilkan limbah cair yang sangat besar. Pendaur ulangan limbah cair akan mengefisienkan penggunaan air untuk pengolahan sekaligus mengurangi masalah pencemaran lingkungan. Untuk itu dilakukan ujicoba proses daur ulang limbah cair ATC menggunakan alat yang dirancang oleh Balai Besar Riset Pengolahan Produk dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan yang berkapasitas 360 liter/jam. Pengolahan limbah cair dilakukan dengan teknik koagulasi dan filtrasi. Proses koagulasi dilakukan dengan penambahan bahan koagulan tawas (Al 2(SO4)3 ) dan flokulan blok di dalam tangki koagulasi, sedangkan filtrasi dilakukan dengan melewatkan limbah melalui kolom zeolit‑arang aktif dan filter selulosa asetat. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap limbah cair dan air hasil olahan yang meliputi total padatan terlarut (Total Dissolved Solids/TDS), total padatan anorganik terlarut (Total Inorganic Dissolved Solids/TIDS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), pH, kekeruhan, bau, dan warna limbah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengolahan limbah cair ATC dapat menurunkan jumlah TDS, TIDS dan BOD hingga 56,60%, 32,29%, dan 60,66%, meskipun kemampuan alat filtrasi menggunakan kolom zeolit‑arang aktif menurun seiring dengan banyaknya proses daur ulang yang dilakukan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis didapatkan juga bahwa proses daur ulang limbah cair ATC mampu menurunkan nilai pH, kekeruhan, bau, dan warna limbah. Dengan pengolahan tersebut limbah cair dapat didaur ulang hingga 5 kali untuk proses pengolahan ATC berikutnya.

Survey of the Water Quality of the Bahar County Streams (Iran) by NSFWQI

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (SE) ◽  
pp. 395-403
Author(s):  
Abbas Ghaffari Habib ◽  
Seyed Hadi Khatami
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Biological Oxygen Demand ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
The Mean

In Bahar County (Iran), rivers are among the important sources of water for the agricultural sector. Therefore, this research evaluated the parameters of temperature, pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), turbidity, nitrate, total phosphate, dissolved oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), and fecal coliform at five stations for five months (from February 2015 to June 2015) to determine water quality in the rivers. Based on this evaluation, the NSFWQI index was calculated and, finally, the routes of the rivers were zoned. The best water quality was recorded at Station Number 3 with the NSFWQI Value of 80 in January, and the worst at Station Number 5 (latgah) with the NSFWQI Value of 37 in June. Based on the mean NSFWQI indices, water quality was Medium at Stations Number 1, 2, and 4, good at Station Number 3, and bad at Station number 5.

scholarly journals Kajian Proses Fermentasi Bioslurry Kotoran Sapi dengan Penambahan Molase

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 277
Author(s):  
I Made Mudiarta ◽  
Yohanes Setiyo ◽  
I Wayan Widia
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Dissolved Solids

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui interaksi perlakuan penambahan molase dan penggunaan aerator pada proses fermentasi bioslurry kotoran sapi dan untuk mengetahui perlakuan terbaik pada proses fermentasi bioslurry kotoran sapi sesuai dengan persyaratan teknis minimal pupuk organik cair No.70./Permentan/SR.140/10/2011. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok faktorial dengan dua faktor dan tiga taraf perlakuan. Faktor pertama adalah penambahan 0, 2 dan 3 persen molase dan faktor kedua adalah penggunaan aerator 0, 1 dan 2. Masing-masing perlakuan diulang sebanyak tiga kali. Parameter yang diamati adalah suhu, biochemical oxygen demand, pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, C-organik, N-total, rasio C/N dan warna bioslurry. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa interaksi perlakuan penambahan molase dan penggunaan aerator berpengaruh pada proses fermentasi bioslurry kotoran sapi. Interaksi perlakuan penambahan molase 2 - 3 persen dengan penggunaan aerator 1-2 dapat mempercepat proses fermentasi bioslurry kotoran sapi dari 15 hari menjadi 10 hari. Hal ini ditandai dengan nilai biochemical oxygen demand yang sudah menurun pada hari ke 10 fermentasi. Dari sembilan perlakuan pada proses fermentasi bioslurry kotoran sapi, penambahan molase 3 persen dengan penggunaan 2 aerator merupakan perlakuan yang terbaik yaitu, menghasilkan total dissolved solids 6270 ppm, electrical conductivity 3,36 mS, C-organik 6,75 persen, N-total 0,44 persen, rasio C/N 15,82 dan warna hitam. Hasil ini sudah sesuai dengan standar No.70/Permentan/SR.140/10/2011. Namun, untuk kandungan N-total bioslurry belum cukup memenuhi standar Permentan yaitu 3 - 6 persen.

scholarly journals Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (53) ◽  
pp. 6517-6536
Author(s):  
OJ Olapade ◽  
◽  
BO Omitoyin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Lake Kivu ◽  
The Mean

Anthropogenic activities such as industrial effluent, domestic and agricultural waste disposal constitute major sources of pollution in water. The effects of these pollutants on the physico- chemical properties of Lake Kivu, Rwanda were investigated at three locations (Gisenyi, Kibuye and Cyangugu) between February 2005 and December 2006. Water samples used for physico- chemical analysis were collected from 12 stratified points on the lake. Samples collected were analysed and interpreted using appropriate international procedures. The physico -chemical properties measured were temperature, conductivity, pH, transparency, salinity, total alkalinity, dissolved organic matter (DOM), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate – nitrogen, phosphate – phosphorus and sulphate. Mean water temperature measured (24.7 + 0.58 o C) was highest in Kibuye and lowest (24.5 + 0.31 o C) in Cyan gugu. The lake water was moderately hard with mean total alkalinity values of 88.1 ± 1.63mgL -1 ; 79.7 ± 2.36mgL -1 and 81.0 ± 2.46mg L -1 recorded in Gisenyi, Kibuye and Cyangugu respectively; salty and alkaline with mean pH values of 8.87 ± 0.07 in Gisenyi; 8.86 ± 0.06 in Kibuye and 8.91 ± 0.06 in Cyangugu. Total dissolved solids (TDS) level in the lake was above the 500mg L -1 prescribed by WHO while the mean biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) reading was within the range for unpolluted or moderately polluted lake. Water from the lake showed mineralization with mean conductivity values ranging from 1058 - 1184μS cm -1 in Gisenyi; 1058 - 1147μS cm -1 in Kibuye and 1031 - 1116μS cm -1 in Cyangugu. The mean dissolved oxygen values were below the 5mgl -1 limit recommended by WHO for fresh water fish species. SO 4- -2 and NO 3 – N concentration in the lake water does not constitute any serious health risk to both man and the aquatic organisms it supports. However, there is the need to constantly monitor the lake water to mitigate any build up of the ions to a hazardous level.

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