biological oxygen demand
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Separations ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
José Gustavo Ronderos-Lara ◽  
Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña ◽  
Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar ◽  
Laura Alvarez ◽  
Josefina Vergara-Sánchez ◽  
...  

This study evaluated the distribution and potential estrogenic risk of the presence of bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (4NP), naproxen (NPX), ibuprofen (IBU), 17-β-estradiol (E2) and 17-α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in water and sediments of the Apatlaco river micro-basin (Morelos, Mexico). The concentration of the determined compounds ranged between <LOD to 86.40 ng·L−1 and <LOD to 3.97 ng g−1 in water and sediments, respectively. The Log Kd distribution obtained (from 1.05 to 1.91 L Kg−1) indicates that the compounds tend to be adsorbed in sediments, which is probably due to the hydrophobic interactions confirmed by the significant correlations determined mainly between the concentrations and parameters of total organic carbon (TOC), total suspended solids (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Of five sites analyzed, four presented estrogenic risk due to the analyzed endocrine-disrupting compounds (EEQE2 > 1 ng·L−1).


2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
M. B. Osho ◽  
C. A. K Awe-Mathias ◽  
I. B. Onajobi

Diary effluents are environmental pollutant which could serve as source of substrate for microbial enzymes' synthesis. This research investigated the isolation and screening of bacteria and fungi with potential extracellular proteolytic and amylolytic properties from dairy effluents, and their characteristics for maximum enzyme production. Effluent from a dairy industry located in Ibadan, Nigeria, was collected for isolation and screening of microbial species for enzymatic activities. The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Soluble Solid (TTS), and pH of the effluent were determined using standard procedures. The potential isolates were characterized morphologically and by molecular techniques. Proteolytic and amylolytic activities of isolates were investigated on skimmed milk starch agar respectively and optimized with varying pH (6.0 - 9.0), temperature (27 - 60 °C) and incubation period (12 - 72 h). Data were analyzed by Duncan Multiple Range Test. Biological Oxygen Demand, Total Soluble Solid and pH of the effluent were 14.67 mg/L, 13.33% and 7.58 respectively. Eleven isolates were positive for either protease or amylase synthesis, but only two showed both proteolytic and amylolytic activities and were molecularly characterized as Bacillus stratosphericus CM2HG6 and Aspergillus welwitschiae. Optimization showed that enzyme production by B. stratosphericus CM2HG6 was highest at 35 °C, pH 7.0 for 48 h, and that of A. welwitschiae achieved optimum production at 37 °C, pH 8.0 for 72 h. Under optimized conditions, Bacillus stratosphericus CM2HG6 was the highest amylase and protease producer (24.4 and 30.74 U/ml respectively), while A. welwitschiae was the lowest producer (12.58 and 18.8 U/ml respectively). The study successfully showed that these industrially-important enzymes can be produced by microbial strains isolated from dairy effluent, and production can be further optimized


Jurnal Ecolab ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-109
Author(s):  
Dewi Ratnaningsih ◽  
◽  
Retno Puji Lestari ◽  
Ernawita Nazir

Kualitas air di suatu wilayah yang merupakan salah satu indikator lingkungan dapat dievaluasi menggunakan parameter fisika, kimia, dan biologi. Indeks Kualitas Air Indonesia (IKA-INA) dapat digunakan untuk menilai kondisi kualitas air secara menyeluruh pada lokasi dan waktu tertentu. IKA-INA dihitung dengan menggunakan sepuluh (10) parameter yaitu pH, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), NO3, NH3, Total Phosphate (TP) dan fecal coliform. IKA-INA tersebut merupakan indeks kualitas air yang dapat memberikan informasi secara sederhana. Dalam pemanfaatannya, tidak semua data parameter dalam IKA-INA tersebut dapat terpenuhi karena adanya data tidak valid atau data yang hilang. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk memberi alternatif rumusan IKA-INA dengan parameter yang tidak lengkap atau jika tidak semua data dalam parameters tersebut tersedia. Metode yang digunakan dalam menyusun rumusan adalah dengan melakukan koreksi faktor bobot parameter IKA-INA terhadap parameter yang hilang dan nilai Q (nilai sub-indeks). Setelah itu dilakukan uji coba pada nilai baku mutu air dalam Peraturan Pemerintah No. 22/2021 Lampiran VI serta pada data kualitas air sungai yang mewakili kualitas baik dan buruk. Hasil uji coba menunjukkan bahwa bobot parameter terkoreksi dapat digunakan untuk penanganan parameter yang hilang dalam penilaian kualitas air dengan metode IKA-INA. Hasil IKA-INA dengan parameter hilang yang menggunakan bobot terkoreksi dan hasil IKA-INA dengan parameter lengkap mayoritas memberikan status IKA yang tidak berbeda, kecuali untuk parameter fecal coli dan parameter yang mempunyai kadar jauh berbeda terhadap kondisi air secara keseluruhan.


2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-68
Author(s):  
Farhan Senoaji ◽  
Surya Budi Lesmana

Pada daerah yang dekat dengan timbunan sampah, seringkali problematika yang muncul adalah bau akibat sampah dan juga kualitas air permukaan yang menjadi sumber air dari masyarakat yang ada di sekitarnya. Dampak akibat adanya timbunan sampah terhadap kualitas air dapat diukur dengan beberapa parameter yaitu: kadar keasaman (pH), kadar besi (Fe), biological oxygen demand (BOD), dan dissolved oxygen (DO). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola sebaran kualitas air sumur akibat dari pengaruh air lindi di sekitar kawasan TPST Piyungan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengambil sampel air sumur yang berada di sekitar TPST Piyungan, dan selanjutnya sampel diuji di laboratorium dan dianalisis terhadap baku mutu kemudian dilanjutkan dengan analisis spasial berbasis SIG menggunakan software Arc-GIS dengan metode Multiple Ring Buffer. Pada hasil analisis SIG dilakukan pemberian perbedaan warna, untuk zona kualitas air yang baik warnanya terang, dan zona kualitas tidak baik warnanya cenderung gelap. Standar baku mutu yang digunakan mengacu pada  Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan No. 32 Tahun 2017 Tentang Standar Baku Mutu Kesehatan Lingkungan dan Persyaratan Kesehatan Air Untuk Keperluan Higiene Sanitasi, Kolam Renang, Solus Per Aqua, dan Pemandian Umum serta Peraturan Daerah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta No. 7 Tahun 2016 Tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah. Hasil dari analisis menunjukkan bahwa kadar pH pada semua sampel masih berada pada standar baku yang telah ditetapkan, parameter Fe masih berada pada standar baku mutu yang telah ditetapkan yaitu dengan maksimal kadar 1 mg/l, parameter BOD masih berada pada standar baku mutu yang telah ditetapkan yaitu dengan kadar maksimal 100 mg/l, parameter DO belum memenuhi standar baku mutu dengan kadar minimal 4 mg/l.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Krisna Bayu Aji ◽  
Muhammad Amin ◽  
Dwi Sat Agus Yuwana

<p>Penurunan kinerja Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL) Domestik di wilayah Kelurahan Cacaban, Kecamatan Magelang Tengah, Kota Magelang, menyebabkan penurunan kualitas outlet IPAL. Hasil uji laboratorium pada tanggal 30 Juli 2020, menunjukkan kadar BOD (<em>Biological Oxygen Demand</em>) sebesar 148,64, kadar COD (<em>Chemical Oxygen Demand</em>) sebesar 307, sedangkan rasio BOD/COD sebesar 0,48. Karena kadar BOD dan COD lebih tinggi dari Baku Mutu Limbah Domestik, maka perlu diadakan penelitian untuk mengurangi kadar BOD dan COD agar sesuai dengan serta mengurangi rasio BOD/COD menjadi 0,2.</p><p>Penelitian ini menggunakan perlakuan filtrasi dengan tiga komposisi filter. Komposisi pertama adalah ijuk, kapur dan arang aktif. Komposisi kedua adalah ijuk dan arang kapur, dan komposisi ketiga ijuk dan kapur. Parameter senyawa yang ditinjau adalah BOD, COD, serta perbandingan antara BOD dan COD. Analisa data yang digunakan yaitu dengan uji regresi polinomial.</p><div><p>Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penyisihan tertinggi BOD dan COD dihasilkan oleh Model Filter 3, yaitu ijuk dengan tebal 7,5 cm, kapur dengan tebal 7,5 cm, dan arang aktif dengan tebal 12 cm, yang dapat menyisihkan kadar BOD sebesar 131,307 mg/L dan menyisihkan kadar COD sebesar 220,67 mg/L. Dan perbandingan BOD dan COD yang mendekati 0,2 dihasilkan oleh Model Filter 3, yaitu ijuk, kapur, dan arang aktif yaitu 0,201.</p></div>


2021 ◽  
Vol 869 (1) ◽  
pp. 012002
Author(s):  
U J Wisha ◽  
V Kurnianda

Abstract The demand for preserving the aquatic environment is a top priority for the Indonesian government. The Banda Aceh coast has experienced anthropogenic developments since the 2004 tsunami hit. During the preliminary investigation in 2017, it indicated that the Banda Aceh coast had been contaminated. Here, we investigated water quality in Banda Aceh coast has been conducted during 2018-2019. We employed the Winkler titration for determining Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO). Furthermore, we generated spatial analysis to show the distribution of BOD5 and DO around the Banda Aceh coast. As a result, BOD5 has been decreased with the value of 1.33 mg/L. Interestingly, the increased DO value of 1.48 mg/L indicated the presence of autotroph biota producing an oxygen atom during 2018-2019. A contrary influence of BOD5 and DO on NO3- was identified, which approximately 50% concentration of nutrient determined by oxygen availability in 2018, while it was less than 5% for the 2019 survey. In conclusion, we suspect that the Banda Aceh coast is categorized as polluted waters for marine biota and tourism.


Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 2379
Author(s):  
Alejandra Zurita ◽  
Mauricio Aguayo ◽  
Pedro Arriagada ◽  
Ricardo Figueroa ◽  
María Elisa Díaz ◽  
...  

Most water bodies are currently used as receptors for pollutants coming mainly from the industrial and domestic sectors. The Biobío river is subjected to multiple anthropogenic pressures such as industrial water supply, drinking water, hydroelectric power generation, agriculture, and the final receptor body of a large amount of industrial and urban waste, pressures that will intensify due to the decrease in water flow as a result of climate change. In this context, organic contamination has been found mainly from sewage discharges and oxidizable waste discharges generated by industrial processes. In this sense, the objective of this research is to determine the Biological Oxygen Demand Loading Capacity (LC) in a basin with a low density of water quality data subjected to strong anthropogenic pressures. To estimate the carrying capacity in a section of the Biobío River, the water quality model River and Stream Water Quality Model- Qual2K version 2.11b8, developed by Chapra, was used. This model solves the Streeter–Phelps equation, proposing an analytical expression to relate the dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) variables. These variables were modeled for different critical scenarios of minimum flows in return periods of 5, 50, and 100 years, determining that the studied section of the Biobío river would have a high carrying capacity to not be affected by its organic matter pollution.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-125
Author(s):  
U. F. Suleiman ◽  
S. Ibrahim ◽  
H. I. Isyaku ◽  
T. I. Nabila ◽  
A. Amir ◽  
...  

The effect of environmental (Physicochemical) and biological (plankton) parameters of Ajiwa reservoir were studied for a period of eight months (March–October 2018). Field and laboratory activities were carried out using standard protocols. Mean monthly values of Temperature ranged between 25.87±3.57°C–29.46±0.66°C, Electrical conductivity was between 32.00±3.46µs/cm–210.00±95.39µs/cm. Dissolve Oxygen, Total Dissolved Solid and Biological Oxygen Demand Means of monthly values ranges between 5.53±0.39mg/l–9.35±0.62mg/l, 33.087±0.06mg/l–84.01±4.37mg/l, and 2.69±0.34mg/l–7.27±1.88mg/l. While phosphate and nitrate means of monthly values ranges between 0.04±0.02mg/l–0.09±0.03mg/l, 0.03±0.01mg/l–0.09±0.02mg/l. Four Phytoplankton phyla dominated by Chlorophyta (387org/L), Euglenophyta (160 org/L), Cyanophyta (83 org/L) and Bacillariophyta (63 org/L) were recorded in the reservoir. The Zooplanktons fauna comprises of Rotifers (180 org/L), Cladocerans (149 org/L) and Copepods (78 org/L). Correlation matrix showed that there were significant correlation between Phytoplankton, Zooplankton and Physicochemical parameters. The composition of planktons in the reservoir were affected by seasonal variations and fluctuation of physicochemical parameters


2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (2A) ◽  
pp. 93-102
Author(s):  
Mahmood H. D. Al-Kubaisi

The present investigation took place at Habbaniya lake to assess the level of pollution as an overall index besides organic directories. Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand were calculated for 16 samples of lake water in addition to parameters of Overall Index Pollution. The lake water content of Dissolved Oxygen is excellent and unpolluted according to Biological Oxygen Demand, and Chemical Oxygen Demand values (Dissolved Oxygen varied from 9.100 mg l-1 to 13.600 mg l-1, Biological Oxygen Demand varied from 2 mg l-1 to 7 mg l-1, and Chemical Oxygen Demand varied from 30 mg l-1 to 73.667 mg l-1). Overall Index Pollution was useful and helpful in determining lake water quality. The situation of the lake was better compared to the year 2014. The health status of the lake varied from acceptable to slightly polluted due to having Overall Index Pollution values ranges from 1.632 to 2.677, and it supports aquatic life in it. The map of Overall Index Pollution shows that the values in the northwestern part of the lake are lower than in the southeastern part due to the continuous renewal of water in the first part because it represents a water inlet. This map is almost identical to a distribution map of Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand, and Chemical Oxygen Demand. In general, Habbaniya lake is non-polluting and not dangerous to the environment now, but it may face the risk of pollution, based on the results obtained. Thus, the present study concluded that the use of the Overall Index Pollution technique with organic indicators is very suitable for assessing the level of water pollution in Habbaniya lake.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-256
Author(s):  
Ketut Sumada ◽  
Novika Cahya Chaerani ◽  
Melandy Dwi Priambodo ◽  
Erwan Adi Saputro

ABSTRACT Wastewater is unclean and contains various substances that can risk the lives of humans and animals. This waste usually comes from the results of human actions (including industrialization). Industry must apply the principle of waste control in a careful and integrated system. Aeration is one of the most widely used techniques for improving the physical and chemical characteristics of wastewater. The aerobic microbiological wastewater treatment process utilizes aerobic microbial activity in aerobic conditions to decompose organic matter in wastewater into stable inorganic substances that don’t provide pollution impacts on the environment. This study determines the best time for the aeration process to reduce Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) or Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of animal feed wastewater and the volume ratio of waste, that is, the number of microorganisms to reduce COD and BOD of animal feed wastewater. The study results show that the longer the aeration contact time, the more significant the decrease in COD and BOD values. In addition, the greater the addition of microbial concentration, the more effective the reduction in COD and BOD values. Furthermore, the aeration process time with microbial concentration, which will produce the best COD and BOD reduction, is 6 hours. Unfortunately, the COD and BOD values ??still do not meet the wastewater quality standards in the aeration process. Still, with microbial concentrations, COD and BOD values ??reduction targets will be obtained in the aerobic biological process, following the wastewater quality standards. Finally, wastewater processing from the animal feed industry with a combination of aeration and aerobic biology can meet quality standards. Keywords: aerobic, anaerobic, animal feed, BOD, COD, wastewater   ABSTRAK Air limbah merupakan air yang tidak bersih atau yang mempunyai kandungan berbagai zat yang berbahaya bagi kelangsungan hidup manusia, hewan, dan tumbuhan. Biasanya limbah dihasilkan dari kegiatan manusia (termasuk industrialisasi) sehingga sudah sepatutnya perindustrian mengelola hasil buangannya sesuai kaidah pengolahan limbah secara terpadu, efisien, dan efektif. Aerasi merupakan salah satu teknik yang paling banyak digunakan dalam perbaikan karakteristik fisik dan kimiawi air limbah. Terdapat berbagai proses pengolahan limbah di mana salah satunya dengan memanfaatkan aktivitas mikroba aerob untuk menguraikan zat organik dalam kondisi aerob menjadi zat anorganik yang stabil yang tidak mencemari lingkungan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui waktu terbaik proses aerasi terhadap penurunan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) atau Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) limbah cair pakan ternak dan mengetahui rasio volume limbah, yaitu jumlah mikroorganisme terhadap penurunan COD dan BOD limbah cair pakan ternak. Kesimpulan hasil kajian yaitu waktu pengontakan aerasi semakin lama dan penambahan konsentrasi mikroba berpengaruh pada penurunan nilai COD dan BOD dengan penurunan terbaik didapatkan pada waktu 6 jam. Nilai COD dan BOD proses biologi aerob dengan penambahan konsentrasi mikroba pada proses aerasi dan kombinasi aerasi dan biologi aerob telah memenuhi standar baku mutu limbah tetapi pada proses aerasi belum. Kata kunci: aerob, anaerob, BOD, COD, limbah cair, pakan ternak


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