Strengthening Military Defense Resources to Non-Military in Facing Nuclear Emergencies to Support National Defense

2022 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 07-12
Author(s):  
Lilik Mugiharto ◽  
Aries Sudiarso ◽  
Luhut Simbolon
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Response ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Nuclear Facilities ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Reactor Accident ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Joint Training ◽  
Nuclear Emergency

Indonesia has the potential for a nuclear emergency, so it is necessary to prepare resources to deal with nuclear emergencies to minimize losses. A nuclear emergency caused by a nuclear reactor accident is a non-military defense sector as the main component supported by other elements of the nation's power. Nuclear Biology and Chemical Company of the Indonesian Armed Forces Army (Kizinubika) is another element of the nation's power that provides reinforcement in non-military defense in the face of nuclear emergencies. The purpose of this study is to strengthen the Kizinubika resources for the Nuclear Energy Supervisory Agency (Bapeten) and the Directorate for the Management of Nuclear Facilities at the National Research and Innovation Agency (DPFKN-BRIN) in dealing with nuclear emergencies in order to support national defense. This type of research is qualitative by using literature study, observation, and interview methods. Internal resource criteria are determined based on the Resources Based View (RBV) theory. The results of the study in the form of recommended resources in strengthening the Kizinubika against Bapeten and DPFKN-BRIN in the form of; (1) The use of the Kizinubika facility as a joint training facility and infrastructure; (2) The use of special equipment Kizinubika in support of nuclear emergency response; (3) Kizinubika's strategic location close to DPFKN-BRIN supports speed in emergency response; (4) Use of Kizinubika's Human Resources through joint training in increasing the quantity and quality of training; and (5) Kizinubika's internal organizational relations support the task of dealing with nuclear emergencies.

Developing of China Nuclear Emergency Response Ability Post Fukushima Accident

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiangang Zhang ◽  
Rongyao Tang ◽  
Xiaoxiao Xu ◽  
Yapeng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Response ◽  
Energy Scale ◽  
Coordination Mechanism ◽  
Nuclear Facilities ◽  
Fukushima Accident ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Emergency Response System ◽  
Response System ◽  
Accident Response ◽  
Nuclear Emergency

After Fukushima nuclear accidents, China timely started national nuclear emergency coordination mechanism, and the national nuclear emergency organizations carried out effective response, strengthened communication with IAEA, widely collected all kinds of related information, carried out the monitoring on the land, sea, air, and ocean, predicted the accident consequence, and increased public communication. On all kinds of nuclear facilities, governments required the urgent circular-self safety assessments by each operators, and organized safety inspection groups to comprehensive on-site safety supervision and inspection. Safety inspection thought China overall nuclear safety condition was controllable, and safety was guaranteed. Meanwhile, safety improvements of NPPs considered the external disaster warning and operational, waterproof ability evaluations and improvements of important buildings, etc. China reported China radiation monitoring data to IAEA emergency center, and organized Chinese nuclear emergency expert delegation to develop technical exchanges with Japanese experts. From fukushima nuclear accident response experiences, China national nuclear emergency response ability should continue to increase according to the national nuclear energy scale: (1) Nuclear emergency response professional capacity needs to increase and professional quantity also need to increase. (2) Nuclear emergency response technique and ability needs to emphasize, and the practicability, systematic and integration of nuclear emergency response system also need to emphasize. (3) The operation mechanism and guarantee conditions of national nuclear emergency response system should be further to take attention and should be continuous to improve.

Eds Of Radioactive Particles By Self-Induced Fluorescence

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-239
Author(s):  
Gregory L. Finch ◽  
Richard G. Cuddihy
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam Irradiation ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Reactor Accident ◽  
Internal Radiation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
External Sources ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Individual Particles

The elemental composition of individual particles is commonly measured by using energydispersive spectroscopic microanalysis (EDS) of samples excited with electron beam irradiation. Similarly, several investigators have characterized particles by using external monochromatic X-irradiation rather than electrons. However, there is little available information describing measurements of particulate characteristic X rays produced not from external sources of radiation, but rather from internal radiation contained within the particle itself. Here, we describe the low-energy (< 20 KeV) characteristic X-ray spectra produced by internal radiation self-excitation of two general types of particulate samples; individual radioactive particles produced during the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident and radioactive fused aluminosilicate particles (FAP). In addition, we compare these spectra with those generated by conventional EDS.Approximately thirty radioactive particle samples from the Chernobyl accident were on a sample of wood that was near the reactor when the accident occurred. Individual particles still on the wood were microdissected from the bulk matrix after bulk autoradiography.

Knowledge on radiation emergency preparedness among nuclear medicine technologists

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.A. Shubayr ◽  
Y.I. Alashban
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Radiation Detection ◽  
Population Monitoring ◽  
Geiger Counter ◽  
Willingness To Participate ◽  
Reactor Accident ◽  
Radiation Emergency ◽  
Emergency Preparedness And Response

This study aimed to assess the knowledge of nuclear medicine technologists (NMTs) in radiation emergency preparedness and response operations and their willingness to participate in such operations. A survey was developed for this purpose and distributed to NMTs in Saudi Arabia. Sixty participants responded with a response rate of 63.31%. Based on the overall radiation protection knowledge related to emergency response, NMTs can perform radiation detection, population monitoring, patient decontamination, and assist with radiological dose assessments during radiation emergencies. There were no significant differences in the knowledge on the use of scintillation gamma camera (P = 0.314), well counter (P = 0.744), Geiger counter (P = 0.935), thyroid probes (P = 0.980), portable monitor (P = 0.830), or portable multichannel analyzer (P = 0.413) and years of experience. Approximately 44% of the respondents reported receiving emergency preparedness training in the last 5 years. Respondents who reported receiving training were significantly more familiar with the emergency preparedness resources (P = 0.031) and more willing to assist with radiation detection or monitoring in the event of nuclear reactor accident (P = 0.016), nuclear weapon detonation (P = 0.002), and dirty bomb detonation (P = 0.003). These findings indicate the importance of training and continuing education in radiological emergency preparedness and response, which increase the willingness to respond to radiological accidents and fill the gaps in NMTs’ knowledge and familiarity with response resources.

Rwanda: Civil–Military Relations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Jowell
Keyword(s):  
Central Africa ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Mass Violence ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Civil Military Relations ◽  
Practical Experiences ◽  
The One ◽  
Military Relations ◽  
The Military

The army has been a central part of Rwanda’s political system from the precolonial period until the early 21st century and is intrinsically part of the construction and politics of the state. Civil–military relations in Rwanda demonstrate not only the central features of transitioning a rebel group to a national defense sector but also how some states construct their armed forces after a period of mass violence. Since the civil war and genocide in the early 1990s, the Rwandan military has been the primary actor in politics, the economy, and state building as well as in regional wars in central Africa and the Great Lakes region. Practical experiences of guerrilla insurgency and conflict in Uganda and Rwanda, postconflict military integration, and the intertwining of political and economic agendas with the ruling party have shaped civil–military relations in Rwanda and have been central to how the Rwandan defense sector functions. Contemporary Rwandan civil–military relations center around the two elements of service delivery and control, which has resulted in the development of an effective and technocratic military in terms of remit and responsibilities on the one hand, and the creation of a politicized force of coercion on the other hand. The military in Rwanda therefore reflects the pressures and dynamics of the wider state and cannot be separated from it. The Rwandan army is thus a “political army” and is part and parcel of the political structures that oversee and govern the Rwandan state.

Effective Financial Decision Aids for Retirement

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-118
Author(s):  
Susan L. Rose ◽  
John E. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Decision Aid ◽  
Financial Training ◽  
Decision Aids ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Literacy Training ◽  
Financial Decision

The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016 directs the Secretaries of the Armed Forces and the Chiefs of Staff of the Armed Forces to provide financial literacy training to Service members at certain critical points throughout their careers, including the transition to retirement. Based on a review of the literature, we find that general financial training is ineffective. More effective are decision aids that provide assistance at the time the decision is being made. This article provides a discussion of what such a decision aid would entail.

Swedish Nuclear Power and Economic Rationalities

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Kåberger
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Carbon Taxes ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Reactor Accident ◽  
Energy Supply System ◽  
High Investment ◽  
Market Evaluation ◽  
The Cost

The economic characteristics of nuclear power, with high investment cost and fuel costs lower than conventional fuels, make it possible to achieve low electricity prices when reactors supply marginal electricity. The support for nuclear power by the Swedish electricity consuming industry may be understood as efforts to create and defend a situation of over-capacity in the electricity production sector rather than as support for nuclear power as such. Politically the external costs of routine emissions of radioactive materials are difficult to internalise because they, like carbon dioxide, have global long-term effects. However, like the air pollutants already regulated, costs of reactor accidents, as well as the motives for taking on management costs of nuclear waste, are regional and within a generation in time. The market evaluation of accident risks has been deliberately destroyed by legislation set to favour nuclear power reactors. Societal economic rationality may be successfully applied in the energy sector. This paper describes how climate change risks were internalised in Sweden using carbon taxes under favourable political conditions. The resulting development of biofuels was surprisingly successful, indicating a potential for further modernisation of the energy supply system. Possible ways to restore the nuclear risk market in order to internalise nuclear reactor accident risks and waste costs by legislation are described. This may be done without the difficult quantification of environmental costs. Appropriate legislation may internalise the cost while creating conditions for market evaluation of these uncertain costs.

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