scholarly journals ОЦІНКА РИЗИКІВ ПРЯМИХ ІНОЗЕМНИХ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙ КИТАЙСЬКИХ СІЛЬСЬКОГОС-ПОДАРСЬКИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-17
Author(s):  
Zhang Z. ◽  
Maslak N.
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Evaluation Index System ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Entropy Weight ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Overseas Investment

With the global trend of foreign direct investment, Chinese agricultural enterprises have also increased the pace of for-eign direct investment. At present, Chinese agricultural enterprises have invested in development in more than 30 countries, including Southeast Asia, Africa and Latin America. Ocean fisheries development is underway in the high seas of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans. There are also planting and forestry bases in the Russian Far East and Central Asian countries. The benefits of Chinese agricultural enterprises' overseas investment are obvious. It is not only conducive to Chinese enter-prises to use foreign resources, funds and technology, but also to avoid various barriers and increase the international market share. However, while encouraging China's agricultural enterprises to go global, we should also be clearly aware that the overseas direct investment of China's agricultural enterprises is still in the primary stage. The level of agricultural enterprises is still relatively low, and overseas direct investment faces a variety of risks. Analysis and studying these risks will help Chinese agricultural enterprises to effectively prevent and control them in foreign direct investment. By taking into account the integrity and dynamics of the overseas direct investment environment, the risk evaluation index system of foreign investment projects of Chinese agricultural enterprises is constructed. Representative items were selected for risk evaluation using hierarchical analysis and entropy weight coefficient method. The results show that there are prominent risk factors such as international agricultural market risk, political and legal risks of host countries, domestic institutional barriers and enterprise own technical restrictions. In order to prevent and reduce investment risks, the government should increase policy support and set up special agricultural overseas investment service institutions. Enterprises should establish an effective risk evaluation mechanism to promote the research and development and promotion of agricultural technology.Keywords: agribusiness, direct investment, risk assessment, comprehensive environment. З глобальною тенденцією прямих іноземних інвестицій, китайські сільськогосподарські підприємства також збільшили темпи прямих іноземних інвестицій. В даний час китайські сільськогосподарські підприємства інвестували у розвиток більш ніж 30 країн, включаючи Південно­Східну Азію, Африку та Латинську Америку. Розвиток океанічного рибальства ведеться у відкритому морі Тихого, Атлантичного та Індійського океанів. На російському Далекому Сході та країнах Центральної Азії також є бази з рослинництва і лісівництва. Переваги зарубіжних інвестицій китайських сільськогосподар-ських підприємств є очевидними. Це не тільки сприяє використанню китайськими підприємствами іноземних ресурсів, засобів та технологій, а й дозволяє уникнути різних бар'єрів та збільшити частку на міжнародному ринку. Однак, заохочуючи китайські сільськогосподарські підприємства до виходу на міжнародний ринок, потрібно чітко усвідомлювати, що прямі закордонні інвестиції китайських сільськогосподарських підприємств усе ще перебувають на початковій стадії. Рівень сільськогосподарських підприємств ще відносно низький, і прямі закордонні інвестиції стикаються з різними ризиками. Аналіз та вивчення цих ризиків допоможе китайським сільськогосподарським підприємствам ефективно запобігати та контролювати їх при здійсненні прямих зарубіжних інвестицій. Зважаючи на цілісність та динаміку середовища прямих зарубіжних інвестицій, побудовано систему показників оцінки ризику зарубіжних інвестиційних проектів китайських сіль-ськогосподарських підприємств. Для оцінки ризиків було відібрано репрезентативні пункти за допомогою ієрархічного аналізу та методу вагового коефіцієнта ентропії. Результати показують, що існують значні фактори ризику, такі як ризик міжнародного сільськогосподарського ринку, політичні та правові ризики приймаючих країн, внутрішні інституційні бар'єри та власні технічні обмеження підприємств. Для запобігання та зниження інвестиційних ризиків уряд має посилити політичну підтримку та створити спеціальні установи з обслуговування сільськогосподарських інвестицій за кордоном. Підприємства мають створити ефективний механізм оцінки ризиків для сприяння дослідженням, розробкам та просуванню сільськогосподарських технологій.Ключові слова: агробізнес, прямі інвестиції, оцінка ризиків, комплексне середовище

scholarly journals The impact of the Turn to the East Policy on foreign direct investment in the Russian Far East

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 366-374
Author(s):  
Han-Sol Lee
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Policy Mechanisms ◽  
The Russian Far East

This study aims to measure the effectiveness of Russia’s Turn to the East Policy, addressed by the federal government in 2012, on the economic development of the underdeveloped Far Eastern regions, in terms of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows data. To do so, this paper analyzed the results of the representative policy mechanisms - designed to promote the Far Eastern investments - of the Turn to the East Policy, comprised of the Eastern Economic Forum (EEC), Advanced Special Economic Zones (ASEZs), and Vladivostok Free Ports (VFPs), based on the secondary data from the governmental organizations. From the study, in spite of the previous contentions on those policy mechanisms amongst policymakers, we elucidate the incremental growing FDI - majorly contributed by the East Asian countries: China, Japan, and South Korea - propensity in the Far East. The three Eastern Asian countries promote investments in the Russian Far East for different eco-political purposes. And it further analyzed that for Russia, despite the remarkable magnitude of Chinese and Japanese FDI compared to South Korea, South Korea is still the most attractive partner, in terms of lack of threats: The Chinese expansionism, and the Kuril Island dispute with Japan.

scholarly journals The Role of State Policy in Attracting of Foreign Direct Investment to the Far East of Russia

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-121
Author(s):  
Olga V. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Investment Policy ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
State Investment ◽  
The Russian Far East

In recent years (since late 2013) the federal government has intensified the policy of foreign investors attracting to the Russian Far East, proclaiming the need to integrate this macro-region in the Asia Pacific region and creating development institutions of the Far East, as well as preferential conditions for investors – the territories of priority socio-economic development, free port of Vladivostok. Investors are given massive tax preferences, regime of free customs zone, a number of other preferences. However, from the point of view of foreign investors many instruments of state investment policy – rather its lack, than advantage. Investment policy of regional authorities in the Far East is currently ranked low, in the National ranking of investment climate in subjects of the Russian Federation Far East regions, with the exception of Khabarovsk Krai, located in the second half. By the volume of foreign direct investment (FDI) stock Sakhalin oblast stands out among the Russian Far East regions, occupying on this indicator the second place among all subjects of the Russian Federation due to the action of agreements on production section, which appeared in 1990- ies. The shares of other Far Eastern regions in the FDI stock in Russia is still small. The state’s efforts in recent years to attract FDI to the Far East led to some increase in the volume of FDI stock in the macro-region, but not in all subjects of the Russian Fed eration. Preferential regimes are increasingly attracted domestic rather than foreign investors. Among the projects with participation of foreign capital projects focused on the domestic market of the Far East (agriculture, services) and the use of macro-region natural resources dominate. Projects on creation of manufacturing industries which products can be delivered beyond the Far East, including for export, yet few. The prospects for improvement, given the existing experience of the gradual development of new regions by foreign investors, but it requires improvement of the state investment policy both at federal and regional levels.

scholarly journals An analysis of foreign direct investment attractiveness of the Russian Far East by Porter’s Diamond model

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-340
Author(s):  
Han Sol Lee
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Firm Strategy ◽  
Production Factor ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Diamond Model ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
The Russian Far East

This paper is dedicated to measuring the Foreign direct investment (FDI) attractiveness of the Russian Far East. In 2012, the Russian Federationofficially addressed the Turn to the East Policy through «Measures to Implement the Russian Federation Foreign Policy” to resolve the chronically underdeveloped economy of the Far Eastern district. The Far Eastern development entails an enormous budget from abroad considering the enormous magnitude of investments projects. However, despite the continuous increasing investment propensity in the Russian Far East, the result is not yet impressive. Thereby, the thorough analysis of the FDI attractiveness of the Far Eastshould more to be conducted. To do that, in this study, we analyzed the FDI attractiveness of the Far East based on the Porter’s Diamond model, comprised of the four endogenous factors – Production Factor, Demand Factor, Related and Supporting Industries, and Firm Strategy Structure and Rivalry-, and the two exogenous factors-chance, and government. Based on the analysis, we diagnosed that weak factor and demand conditions and ambiguous political will majorly hinder from accelerating the Turn to the East Policy. Thereby, we concluded that to achieve momentum of the policy by generating high efficiency of the policy mechanisms to induce FDI, the strong political will should be accompanied with investmentfavorable factor and demand conditions.

scholarly journals THE SUB-NATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOUTH KOREAN FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN RUSSIA: A FOCUS ON THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST

2020 ◽  
pp. 280-290
Author(s):  
Han-Sol Lee ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Entry Barrier ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Significant Area ◽  
Northern Policy ◽  
The Russian Far East

This paper investigates the Korean foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Russian Far East, a significant area to develop South Korea’s new northern policy and Russia’s pivot to the East policy. Unlike the insignificant influence of the Korean FDI on Russia’s economy as a whole, South Korea is one of the key economic partners in the Russian Far East. For the period 2015–2019, South Korea is the 4th largest investor in the Russian Far East. In 2019, 69.7% of the Korean investments in the Russian Far East concentrated on Primorsky Krai, which contradicts the general trend that the world investments in the Russian Far East are highly skewed in Sakhalin Oblast to participate in the gas and oil projects. The Korean FDI in the Russian Far East aims market seeking rather than resource seeking. Besides, due to the high entry barrier of “nine bridges”, there are limited numbers of companies in nine bridges-industries.

scholarly journals Safeguarding Croatian Strategic Industries Within the Scope of the EU Foreign Direct Investment Regime

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-149
Author(s):  
Kristijan Poljanec ◽  
Tomislav Jakšić
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Far East ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Legal Tradition ◽  
Member States ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Regulatory Changes ◽  
Legislative Proposals

A European Union (EU)-wide screening regime entered into force in October 2020, marking the turning point in the Member States’ investment relations with third countries, most notably, the emerging economies of the Far East. Most Central and Eastern European (CEE) states have recently embraced novel screening solutions; some legislative proposals are still pending in a few states. These regulatory changes are the result of the socio-economic turmoil caused by the COVID-19 epidemic, which threatens a major fire sale of resources that are deemed critical for the Member States’ national security and public order. In this paper, the authors examine the existing screening mechanisms regarding foreign direct investment (FDI) in five EU countries: Austria, Germany, Hungary, Slovenia, and Poland. Given the apparent lack of comprehensive FDI screening mechanisms in Croatia, the authors consider that the findings of this comparative analysis could help Croatian legislator establish a comprehensive legal regime for FDI pouring into Croatian strategic industries. This paper argues that Croatia should introduce novel screening mechanisms along the lines of the Germanic legal tradition, most notably, the CEE and the German foreign trade and payments law. The authors suggest potential solutions de lege ferenda that would fit the scope and objectives of the screening regulation. Following the introduction, the second section of the paper glances through FDI screening mechanisms in four CEE countries. In the third section, the paper revisits the existing Croatian legislation on FDI control. The fourth section considers possible amendments thereof within the context of the German foreign trade and payments law. The fifth section summarises and concludes the paper.

scholarly journals Risk Evaluation of Bogie System Based on Extension Theory and Entropy Weight Method

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanping Du ◽  
Yuan Zhang ◽  
Xiaogang Zhao ◽  
Xiaohui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Index System ◽  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Extension Theory ◽  
Evaluation Index System ◽  
Evaluation Index ◽  
Entropy Weight ◽  
Practical Evaluation ◽  
Entropy Weight Method ◽  
Weight Method ◽  
Inspection Data

A bogie system is the key equipment of railway vehicles. Rigorous practical evaluation of bogies is still a challenge. Presently, there is overreliance on part-specific experiments in practice. In the present work, a risk evaluation index system of a bogie system has been established based on the inspection data and experts’ evaluation. Then, considering quantitative and qualitative aspects, the risk state of a bogie system has been evaluated using an extension theory and an entropy weight method. Finally, the method has been used to assess the bogie system of four different samples. Results show that this method can assess the risk state of a bogie system exactly.

scholarly journals OUTWARD FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN CHINA: EVIDENCE FROM ASYMMETRIC ARDL APPROACH

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 706-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Usman Ali ◽  
Wei Shan ◽  
Jian-Jun Wang ◽  
Azka Amin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Symmetric Model ◽  
Outward Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Equilibrium Relationship ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Overseas Investment

The current study explored the dynamics between economic growth and overseas investment, using time series annual data from China. For empirical analysis, we utilized asymmetric ARDL technique, which documents the potential asymmetric effects of outward foreign direct investment on economic growth in both the long run and short run. The empirical results suggest that ignoring the intrinsic asymmetries may conceal the true information about the equilibrium relationship among the variables and thus lead to misleading results. Particularly, the findings revealed that economic growth in China responds positively but differently to an increase and decrease in its overseas investment. The empirical evidence obtained through asymmetric model seemed to be superior to that of symmetric model and thus leads to more efficient policymaking to achieve sustainable economic development. Our study contributes to the existing literature by providing new insights on the outward foreign direct investment-led growth hypothesis. The findings suggest that firms investing abroad can bring source country benefits by securing access to key input factors and accessing advanced foreign technology.

scholarly journals Composition of Outward Foreign Direct Investment from India

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (01) ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
Manoj Kumar Sinha ◽  
Shalini Rawal
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Outward Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Dominance Index ◽  
Manufacturing Sectors ◽  
Overseas Investment ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Rank Dominance

After the liberalization regime of 1991, the major policy changes undertaken regarding overseas investment, such as, industrial deregulation and trade liberalization, led to major changes in the Indian economy. This leads to increase competence in Indian investors to compete on a global level on a sustained basis. The paper intends to drag attention towards the composition of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) from India. It also examines the competition for Indian overseas investment among different sectors. Indian overseas investment in manufacturing sectors is getting the utmost importance, followed by service sectors in different country groupings from 2008 to 2019, using the rank dominance index.

scholarly journals Resource Provision of Innovations in Agricultural Enterprises in the South of the Russian Far East

2021 ◽  
pp. 185-192
Author(s):  
Tatiana Potenko ◽  
Irina Zhupley ◽  
Oksana Mamai ◽  
Ludmila Kvashko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
The South ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
The Russian Far East
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