scholarly journals In Defense of Platonic Essentialism About Numbers

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-113
Author(s):  
Megan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Richard Rorty ◽  
Essential Properties ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
As If

In defense of anti-essentialism, pragmatist Richard Rorty holds that we may think of all objects as if they were numbers. I find that Rorty’s metaphysics hinges on two rather weak arguments against the essences of numbers. In contrast, Plato’s metaphysics offers a plausible definition of essentiality by which numbers do have essential properties. Further, I argue that Rorty’s argumentative mistake is mischaracterizing Plato’s definition. I conclude that Plato’s definition of “essential” is a robust one which implies that many properties, beyond those we might intuitively think of, can count as essential properties of objects.

scholarly journals In Defense of Platonic Essentialism about Numbers

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 102-112
Author(s):  
Megan Wu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Richard Rorty ◽  
Essential Properties ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
As If

In defense of anti-essentialism, pragmatist Richard Rorty holds that we may think of all objects as if they were numbers. I find that Rorty’s metaphysics hinges on two rather weak arguments against the essences of numbers. In contrast, Plato’s metaphysics offers a plausible definition of essentiality by which numbers do have essential properties. Further, I argue that Rorty’s argumentative mistake is mischaracterizing Plato’s definition. I conclude that Plato’s definition of “essential” is a robust one which implies that many properties, beyond those we might intuitively think of, can count as essential properties of objects.

Essentialism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Yablo
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Hard Part ◽  
Equal Footing ◽  
Essential Properties ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Definition Of

Essentialists maintain that an object’s properties are not all on an equal footing: some are ‘essential’ to it and the rest only ‘accidental’. The hard part is to explain what ‘essential’ means. The essential properties of a thing are the ones it needs to possess to be the thing it is. But this can be taken in several ways. Traditionally it was held that F is essential to x if and only if to be F is part of ‘what x is’, as elucidated in the definition of x. Since the 1950s, however, this definitional conception of essence has been losing ground to the modal conception: x is essentially F if and only if necessarily whatever is x has the property F; equivalently, x must be F to exist at all. A further approach conceives the essential properties of x as those which underlie and account for the bulk of its other properties. This entry emphasizes the modal conception of essentiality. Acceptance of some form of the essential/accidental distinction appears to be implicit in the very practice of metaphysics. For what interests the metaphysician is not just any old feature of a thing, but the properties that make it the thing it is. The essential/accidental distinction helps in other words to demarcate the subject matter of metaphysics. But it also constitutes a part of that subject matter. If objects have certain of their properties in a specially fundamental way, then this is a phenomenon of great metaphysical significance.

scholarly journals Features of urban public spaces in the context of globalization

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 232-246
Author(s):  
K. L. Khomyakova
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Urban Public Space ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Essential Properties ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

The article deals with characteristics of urban public spaces, their role in the global transformation of the social relations system is determined. The ambiguity of assessing the impact of globalization on modern cities is due to the theoretical and methodological problems of modern sociological urbanism. There is no single approach among scientists to defining the concept of urban public space, which determines the relevance of the study of its interpretation and definition of essential properties. Public spaces are considered as a connecting element between the system and social levels of urban research, which correspond to the levels of integration identified by the modern sociologist E. Giddens. The article analyzes classical and modern approaches to the study of public space, there is reveals the course of evolution of sociological thought in relation to the formation of differentiation of types of spaces within cities. Based on the analysis of the works of modern sociologists and urbanists, such key features of public spaces as openness, socio-political neutrality, and symbolism were identified. Global processes and contradictions lead to an aggravation of the problem of the presence of the category of “Others” within public urban spaces, which are representatives of various segments of the population, with a variety of claims and interests. One of the consequences of the intensive development of digital technologies is a possible situation of “competition for the citizen” between traditional public spaces and online services. Assumptions are made about future transformations of social relations within public spaces as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic.

scholarly journals Image Searching System

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-167
Author(s):  
Eduard Yakubchykt ◽  
◽  
Iryna Yurchak
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Content ◽  
Image Features ◽  
Multimedia Databases ◽  
Semantic Level ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Essential Properties ◽  
Calculation Algorithms ◽  
Similar Images ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level

Finding similar images on a visual sample is a difficult AI task, to solve which many works are devoted. The problem is to determine the essential properties of images of low and higher semantic level. Based on them, a vector of features is built, which will be used in the future to compare pairs of images. Each pair always includes an image from the collection and a sample image that the user is looking for. The result of the comparison is a quantity called the visual relativity of the images. Image properties are called features and are evaluated by calculation algorithms. Image features can be divided into low-level and high-level. Low-level features include basic colors, textures, shapes, significant elements of the whole image. These features are used as part of more complex recognition tasks. The main progress is in the definition of high-level features, which is associated with understanding the content of images. In this paper, research of modern algorithms is done for finding similar images in large multimedia databases. The main problems of determining high-level image features, algorithms of overcoming them and application of effective algorithms are described. The algorithms used to quickly determine the semantic content and improve the search accuracy of similar images are presented. The aim: The purpose of work is to conduct comparative analysis of modern image retrieval algorithms and retrieve its weakness and strength.

scholarly journals Transformation of Geosystems of the Northern Part of the Baikal Natural Territory (Research and Mapping)

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 44-56
Author(s):  
T. I. Konovalova ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Baikal Rift Zone ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Structural Dynamic ◽  
The North ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Essential Properties ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
North Western ◽  
Natural Territory

The features of transformation of geosystems of the north-western part of the Baikal natural territory are considered. The transformation of geosystems is considered in the context of changes in their essential properties as a result of the manifestation of transformative dynamics and evolution. It is established that the modification of the geosystems of the region was largely caused by the horizontal compression of the earth's crust, which is characteristic only for this section of the Baikal rift zone. This led to the formation of the Pre-Baikal Depression between the Siberian Platform and the Baikal Ridge. The combination of geodynamic regimes of the weakly active platform and the area of continental rifting caused an ambiguous response of geosystems to climate change. The development of contrasting types of geosystems is revealed-from high-grass fir trees to swampy woodlands of larch with cedar elfin. In the physical and geographical conditions of the area, the strict subordination of geosystems to the higher structure is violated. As a result, unique geosystems are concentrated here. They combine in their composition the components peculiar to the physical and geographical regions of Siberia and the Far East. Plant communities of various formations are represented here. Geosystems at the regional level of the organization are subject to transformations. The basic techniques of mapping the transformation of geosystems are considered. Mapping involves solving three main tasks, which are traditionally defined as the identification, systematization and interpretation of geosystems. They consist in the definition of diagnostic features of geosystems; the synthesis of time and space in a single whole, taking into account regionaltypological specifics, structural-dynamic and evolutionary transformations.

scholarly journals Penelusuran Sumber Definisi Syāẓ Al-Syāfi’ī: Sebuah Kajian Bibliografis

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-215
Author(s):  
Reza Pahlevi Dalimunthe ◽  
Dedi Masri
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
As If

One of the rules of the validity of the Prophet's traditions is to avoid shāẓ. The definition of shāẓ according to al-Shafi'ī (150-204 H) is a single narrator whose history of hadith contradicts with many other narrators. The majority of hadith scholars such as Ibn al-Ṣalāh (577-643 H), chose the definition over the others. This article focuses on searching the bibliographic source for the definition of shāẓ al-Shāfi’ī with an intertext approach. The object is the works of al-Shafi'ī in the field of hadith and a variety of hadith science literature which includes the definition of shāẓ. This study shows that hadith experts generally agree with the definition of shāẓ al-Shafi'ī because it is easier to apply than other definitions. However, they did not clearly mention the title of al-Shafi'i's essay which he referred to, causing misunderstanding as if the source of the definition of shāẓ was Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ, not al-Shafi'ī. One of these misconceptions stems from the unclear reference of Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ himself. This study shows that the bibliographic results of al-Shafi'i's works and transmission lines of definitions are found that the definition of al-Shafi is not found in al-Risalah, but is sourced from al-Manafib al-Shafi al-Baihaqī

Categoriality in Language Change

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Fonteyn
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Clear Picture ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Semantic Properties ◽  
Semantic Definition ◽  
Over Time ◽  
As If ◽  
Semantic Processes

This study presents the first elaborate attempt to set out a functional-semantic definition of diachronic transcategorial shift between the major classes “noun”/“nominal” and “verb”/“clause.” In English, speakers have different options to refer to an event by using “deverbal nominalization” strategies (e.g., Him guessing her size/His guessing of her size (was incredibly lucky)). Interestingly, not only do these strategies each resemble “prototypical” nominals to varying extents, it also has been observed that some of these strategies increasingly resemble clauses and decreasingly resemble prototypical nominals over time, as if they are gradually shifting categories. Thus far, the literature on such cases of diachronic categorial shift has mainly described the processes by focusing on form, leaving the reader with a clear picture of what and how changes have occurred. Yet, the question of why these formal changes have occurred is still shrouded in mystery. This study tackles this mystery by showing that the diachronic processes of nominalization and verbalization can also involve functional-semantic changes. The aim of this study is both theoretical and descriptive. The theoretical aim is to present a model that allows one to study diachronic nominalization and verbalization as not just formal or morpho-syntactic but also functional-semantic processes. The descriptive aim is to offer “workable” definitions of the abstract functional-semantic properties of nominals and verbs/clauses, and subsequently apply them to one of the most intriguing deverbal nominalization systems in the history of English: the English gerund.

Definition of “Waste” in Cross-Border Context: Un-Typical Story of TPS-NOLO (Geobal)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
David Hadrousek
Keyword(s):  
Member State ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Eu ◽  
As If

The boundaries of EU waste legislation are drawn by the definition of “waste”. This is also true of the Waste Shipments Regulation. What if the authorities of dispatch and destination disagree on the classification of a particular substance? A recent judgment of the EU Court of Justice shows that the rule according to which, in case of such a disagreement, the substance “shall be treated as if it were waste” is in the end of limited value. There is no way the European Commission or the Member State of (typically) destination can win their case on this basis.

British irony, global justice: a pragmatic reading of Chris Brown, Banksy and Ricky Gervais

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES BRASSETT
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Global Justice ◽  
Richard Rorty ◽  
Global Ethics ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Comic Frame

AbstractThe article provides a critical analysis of the concept of irony and how it relates to global justice. Taking Richard Rorty as a lead, it is suggested that irony can foreground a sense of doubt over our own most heartfelt beliefs regarding justice. This provides at least one ideal sense in which irony can impact the discussion of global ethics by pitching less as a discourse of grand universals and more as a set of hopeful narratives about how to reduce suffering. The article then extends this notion via the particular – and particularly – ethnocentric case of British Irony. Accepting certain difficulties with any definition of British Irony the article reads the interventions of three protagonists on the subject of global justice – Chris Brown, Banksy and Ricky Gervais. It is argued that their considerations bring to light important nuances in irony relating to the importance of playfulness, tragedy, pain, self-criticism and paradox. The position is then qualified against the (opposing) critiques that irony is either too radical, or, too conservative a quality to make a meaningful impact on the discussion of global justice. Ultimately, irony is defended as a critical and imaginative form, which can (but does not necessarily) foster a greater awareness of the possibilities and limits for thinking/doing global justice.%‘‘The comic frame, in making a man the student of himself, makes it possible for him to ‘transcend’ occasions when he has been tricked or cheated, since he can readily put such discouragements into his ‘assets’ column, under the heading of ‘experience’. . . . In sum, the comic frame should enable people to be observers of themselves, while acting.Blackadder: Baldrick, have you no idea what irony is?Baldrick: Yes, it’s like goldy and bronzy only it’s made out of iron.’’

Neutrality—as of 1936 and 1937

1937 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillips Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Joint Resolution ◽  
As If

The neutrality legislation enacted at Washington in 1935 was admittedly a compromise, satisfying neither the President, who in his statement upon signing the joint resolution, again criticized its mandatory feature as potentially dangerous, nor many of those in and out of Congress who wanted some definition of our relation to war. As if to point the moral, the Italo-Ethiopian conflict flamed into what the President was pleased to call “a state of war,” and some of the very issues which the legislation was intended to meet became acute. More recently, civil war in Spain has tragically illuminated new issues in our position and policy.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document