Categoriality in Language Change

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Fonteyn
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Clear Picture ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Semantic Properties ◽  
Semantic Definition ◽  
Over Time ◽  
As If ◽  
Semantic Processes

This study presents the first elaborate attempt to set out a functional-semantic definition of diachronic transcategorial shift between the major classes “noun”/“nominal” and “verb”/“clause.” In English, speakers have different options to refer to an event by using “deverbal nominalization” strategies (e.g., Him guessing her size/His guessing of her size (was incredibly lucky)). Interestingly, not only do these strategies each resemble “prototypical” nominals to varying extents, it also has been observed that some of these strategies increasingly resemble clauses and decreasingly resemble prototypical nominals over time, as if they are gradually shifting categories. Thus far, the literature on such cases of diachronic categorial shift has mainly described the processes by focusing on form, leaving the reader with a clear picture of what and how changes have occurred. Yet, the question of why these formal changes have occurred is still shrouded in mystery. This study tackles this mystery by showing that the diachronic processes of nominalization and verbalization can also involve functional-semantic changes. The aim of this study is both theoretical and descriptive. The theoretical aim is to present a model that allows one to study diachronic nominalization and verbalization as not just formal or morpho-syntactic but also functional-semantic processes. The descriptive aim is to offer “workable” definitions of the abstract functional-semantic properties of nominals and verbs/clauses, and subsequently apply them to one of the most intriguing deverbal nominalization systems in the history of English: the English gerund.

scholarly journals Penelusuran Sumber Definisi Syāẓ Al-Syāfi’ī: Sebuah Kajian Bibliografis

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-215
Author(s):  
Reza Pahlevi Dalimunthe ◽  
Dedi Masri
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
As If

One of the rules of the validity of the Prophet's traditions is to avoid shāẓ. The definition of shāẓ according to al-Shafi'ī (150-204 H) is a single narrator whose history of hadith contradicts with many other narrators. The majority of hadith scholars such as Ibn al-Ṣalāh (577-643 H), chose the definition over the others. This article focuses on searching the bibliographic source for the definition of shāẓ al-Shāfi’ī with an intertext approach. The object is the works of al-Shafi'ī in the field of hadith and a variety of hadith science literature which includes the definition of shāẓ. This study shows that hadith experts generally agree with the definition of shāẓ al-Shafi'ī because it is easier to apply than other definitions. However, they did not clearly mention the title of al-Shafi'i's essay which he referred to, causing misunderstanding as if the source of the definition of shāẓ was Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ, not al-Shafi'ī. One of these misconceptions stems from the unclear reference of Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ himself. This study shows that the bibliographic results of al-Shafi'i's works and transmission lines of definitions are found that the definition of al-Shafi is not found in al-Risalah, but is sourced from al-Manafib al-Shafi al-Baihaqī

scholarly journals Introduction

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-198
Author(s):  
Mirjam de Bruijn ◽  
Jonna Both
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Normal Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Structures ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Made In ◽  
As If

The enduring experience of hardship, in the form of layers of various crises, can become deeply ingrained in a society, and people can come to act and react under these conditions as if they lead a normal life. This process is explored through the analytical concept of duress, which contains three elements: enduring and accumulating layers of hardship over time, the normalization of this hardship, and a form of deeply constrained agency. We argue that decisions made in duress have a significant impact on the social and political structures of society. This concept of duress is used as a lens to understand the lives of individual people and societies in Central and West Africa that have a long history of ecological, political, and social conflicts and crises.

scholarly journals The Hypothesis of Change from Above in the History of English: State of the Art and Perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (s1) ◽  
pp. 251-266
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Lavidas
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Linguistic Ideology ◽  
Anglo Norman ◽  
New Directions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractThe present paper presents the state of the art of research related to hypothesized changes from above in the diachrony of English. A main aim of the paper is to show how the cooperation of various perspectives can open new directions in the research of language change. We examine the main aspects of a definition of the change from above. We investigate the various perspectives through which the concept of change from above, as an “importation of elements from other systems” (Labov 2007), has been considered a significant factor for the development of English. We show that any attempt to investigate the presence or role of change from above includes the parameters of prestige, distribution of old and new forms, diffusion, gender, and linguistic ideology. Finally, we discuss typical examples of development of patterns and characteristics of English that have been analyzed as influenced by change from above, as well as the prestige dialects / languages and contexts that have been regarded as facilitating a hypothesized change from above (Latin, Anglo-Norman, standardization, prescriptivism, networks and individuals). We argue that the articles of the present special issue provide stable criteria that are required in any attempt to test the hypothesis of change from above in the development of English.

A Brief History of Modern Endocrinology and Definitions of a True Hormone

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1116-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Bahadoran ◽  
Parvin Mirmiran ◽  
Fereidoun Azizi ◽  
Asghar Ghasemi
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Substance ◽  
Signaling Molecules ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Chemical Signaling ◽  
Classical Definition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Chemical Messengers

Background and Objective: An overview of the history of endocrinology indicates that definitions of some initially developed concepts, including the term ‘hormone’ have been changed over time. This review provides a historical overview of current definitions of ‘hormone’ and the criteria of a true hormone. In addition, a brief history of hormone-related concepts and their transformation over time are discussed. Results: Classically, a hormone is a chemical substance secreted into the bloodstream and acts on distant tissues, usually in a regulatory fashion. Several newly discovered bioregulators and chemical signaling molecules are far from the classical definition of a true hormone and could not fulfill many relevant criteria. Major developments in the field of endocrinology accompanied by the complex terminology, currently used to describe hormonal actions of chemical messengers, underscore the need of the revision of such classical concepts. Conclusion: Complex terminology currently used to describe different hormonal actions of chemical messengers, suggests that it is time to conceptualize the term hormone and revise its classical definition.

A review of entitlement

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Jordan ◽  
Sheryl Ramsay ◽  
Kristie M. Westerlaken
Keyword(s):  
Personality Trait ◽  
Organizational Psychology ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nomological Network ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Construct Definition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time

Interest in employee entitlement perceptions is increasing in academia and in organizations. Entitlement has a long history of being conceptualized as a personality trait in psychology closely aligned with narcissism. Research on workplace entitlement has generally revealed links with negative workplace behaviors, indicating costly outcomes for individuals, teams, and organizations. Our aim in this article is to review the literature on workplace entitlement perceptions, identifying how the construct has changed definition over time, and indicating related constructs that impact on research within industrial and organizational psychology. This review progresses research in this field by examining the nomological network around entitlement and resolving current inconsistencies in the construct definition of entitlement in the workplace, and establishing a set of firm future research directions for entitlement research.

Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder: The Demise of a Syndrome

2012 ◽  
pp. 673-693
Author(s):  
Scott Wetzler ◽  
Anita Jose
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Aggressive Personality ◽  
Over Time

This chapter discusses the history of passive-aggressive personality disorder (PAPD; also negativistic personality disorder) from its genesis in a military context to its changing definitions in various iterations of the DSM, including the construct as proposed in the DSM-5. Definitions of the term over time, theoretical underpinnings, and empirical findings of the construct are discussed. The chapter addresses some of the perceived objections to PAPD as a diagnostic construct, describes biopsychosocial conceptualizations, and briefly describes interventions for PAPD. Finally, the authors propose an updated definition of PAPD based on a review of the research.

scholarly journals Toward A More Precise - and Accurate - View of Eco-Evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Bassar ◽  
Tim Coulson ◽  
Joseph Travis ◽  
David Reznick
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Precise Definition ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Evolutionary Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
As If

Over the past fifteen years, the number of papers focused on “eco-evo dynamics” has increased exponentially (Figure 1). This pattern suggests the rapid growth of a new, integrative discipline. We argue that this overstates the case. First, the terms “eco-evo dynamics” and “eco-evo interactions” are used too imprecisely. As a result, many studies that claim to describe eco-evo dynamics are actually describing basic ecological or evolutionary processes. Second, these terms are often used as if the study of how ecological and evolutionary processes are intertwined is novel when, in fact, it is not. The result is confusion over what the term “eco-evolution” and its derivatives describe, a loss of appreciation for the history of genuine eco-evolutionary studies, and a loss of appreciation for the novelty associated with the original rise of the term. We advocate a more precise definition of eco-evolution that is more useful in our effort to understand and characterize the diversity of ecological and evolutionary processes and that focuses attention on the subset of those processes that offer novel results.

scholarly journals A study of reconfigurable production system performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 224 ◽  
pp. 02063
Author(s):  
Alexey Kapitanov ◽  
Vladimir Mitrofanov ◽  
Sergey Egorov
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Communication Channel ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Parameters Estimation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Standard Values ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Time Required ◽  
History Of Formation ◽  
Semantic Definition

The article studies the methods of evaluating the effectiveness of production is built on the basis of a flexible, reconfigurable systems capable of performing fast-changing market demands. Examines the history of formation of the concept of efficiency of organization of flexible production and its main parameters estimation. Based on the performance of the production system as a communication channel, describes the main performance characteristics of the configurable production systems. Described indicators are General and do not depend on the specific application of the system, which is especially important to determine the appropriate standard values. The time required for calculation of the indicators is determined on the basis of the known methods and the proposed approach, which provides a clear semantic definition of universality, flexibility, mobility and productivity, thus strictly linking the indicators together.

scholarly journals Education: 4. Perspectives on the Concepts of Gifting and Talent and How they are Used in the Arts

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 238-244
Author(s):  
Ona Ionica Anghel
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Gifted And Talented ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Talented People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time

Abstract The educational programs dedicated to gifted and talented people are developed or must be developed starting with an adhesion to a definition of the working concept, in this case „giftedness” or „talent”. A foray into the literature proves that the meaning of the concept of giftedness has developed over time, as influenced by various factors such as historical (history of the research) and of human nature (psychological or educational). The aim of the paper is to make a review of the associated key moments in the evolution of the concept of giftedness. The bibliographical sources allowed us to achieve a chronological overview of the position/attitude of the most prestigious researchers in the field, who tried to explain the concept of giftedness and talent. The collected data demonstrates that there is no unanimous acceptance of a single definition until today, and that the concept keeps its tendency to perpetual transformation. The constant during this time remains its relationship with the demonstrated, respectively with the potential performance.

Towards the digital land reclamation

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Sergey Vasil'ev ◽  
Vyacheslav Schedrin ◽  
Aleksandra Slabunova ◽  
Vladimir Slabunov
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Optimal Management ◽  
Scientific Potential ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Full Cooperation

The aim of the research is a retrospective analysis of the history and stages of development of digital land reclamation in Russia, the definition of «Digital land reclamation» and trends in its further development. In the framework of the retrospective analysis the main stages of melioration formation are determined. To achieve the maximum effect of the «digital reclamation» requires full cooperation of practical experience and scientific potential accumulated throughout the history of the reclamation complex, and the latest achievements of science and technology, which is currently possible only through the full digitalization of reclamation activities. The introduction of «digital reclamation» will achieve greater potential and effect in the modernization of the reclamation industry in the «hightech industry», through the use of innovative developments and optimal management decisions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document